of Grinnell Land and North Greenland. 487 



imbedded stones, as well as the rocks against which the ice 

 grated. This action of shore-ice I shall advert to more fully 

 in the account of the geology of the expedition. 



Station No. 18. AUman Bay, Grinnell Land, lat. 79° 30' N. 

 On both sides of this bay several lines of parallel terraces 

 stretch for miles, their surfaces from 50 to 100 feet broad ; 

 along these terraces are scattered valves of Mya truncata and 

 Saxicava rugosa. The regularity of these terraces is due to 

 the former presence of the ice-foot, which now permanently 

 encases the shore. My impression is that these terraces have 

 been formed by the sliding down of material, and the banking- 

 up power of the ice casement (the ice-foot of arctic explorers). 

 Perhaps this simple explanation may throw some light on the 

 formation of terraces in other parts of the world, such as the 

 parallel roads of Glenroy in Scotland. During summer the 

 ice-foot is worn by the melting snow-streams into channels ; at 

 aigh tide the sea- water rushes up these cuttings, and, spreading 

 over the ice-foot, works holes through the frozen snow until it 

 •caches the terrace beneath ; valves of shells are thus scattered 

 over the terraces. 



Station No. 19. Radmore Harbour, Grinnell Land, lat. 

 30° 27' N. Series of terraces, similar to No. 18, with the 

 same testaceous remains. 



Station No. 20. Watercourse Bay, Grinnell Land, lat. 81° 

 44' N. Thick beds of clay, with numerous ice-scratched erra- 

 tics, resting upon beds of sandstone of Miocene age : fossils 

 Mya truncata^ Saxicava rugosa^ Astarte horealis^ and Pecten 

 Groenlandicus. 



Station No. 21. Same locality, 1000 feet higher elevation, 

 resting on azoic slates ; same description of beds with similar 

 fossils as No. 20. 



Station No. 22. Shift-rudder Bay, Grinnell Land, lat. 80° 

 50' N. Valley leading into the interior with great deposits 

 of grey mud containing drift-wood, occupying depressions up 

 to an altitude of 200 feet ; where cut by watercourses, the 

 sections showed numbers of Astarte horealis^ in such good 

 preservation that the epidermis was fresh-looking and the 

 hinge of the valves intact. Mya truncata^ Saxicava rugosa^ 

 and Pecten Groenlandicus were the most abundant fossils ; 

 but Astarte fahula occurred not unfrequently. From this 

 locality Commander Parr, R.N., procured an antler of the 

 reindeer [Cervus tarandus)^ which, I do not doubt, came out 

 of these shell-bearing beds. 



Station No. 23. Lincoln Bay*, Grinnell Land, lat. 82° 



* FtWe Parliamentary Papers [C— 1636], 1877, p. 301. 



