External Characters of Ruminant Artiodactyla. 105 
the front of the withers, a more sloping croup, a heavier 
dewlap, a longer narrower skull with relatively shorter frontal 
and longer nasal maxillary region, and horns which are more 
upright in direction of growth. ‘The Huropean animal, on 
the contrary, has no hump, the plane of the croup is in a line 
with the back, the dewlap is shallower, the skull shorter but 
with its frontal portion relatively longer, and the horns are 
more horizontal in direction of growth. ‘lhe voices of the 
two also are different, but not so different as literature would 
lead one to suppose. Habits and constitution supply further 
differences. 
If there were no other types of domesticated cattle in 
existence there would be grounds for the opinion of Blyth 
and others as to the specific distinctness of the two types. 
But when the differences are analyzed they appear to me to 
lose much of their weight. Even amongst undoubted Indian 
zebus there is immense variation in most of the characters 
mentioned, the hump alone, so far as I am aware, forming an 
exception. The characters may be considered in order :— 
Horns.—Ot the horns of the zebu Lydekker (pp. 182-133) 
wrote :—‘ The horns of all humped cattle—both Indian and 
African—differ from those of the aurochs and the related 
types of European domesticated cattle by their distinctly 
lyrate shape, the first main curve having the convexity in 
front instead of behind. Their tendency is also to grow 
upwards and backwards rather than forwards.” This state- 
ment is untrue. In the first place, the horns of Heberstein’s 
aurochs (pl. iii.) are very like those of the Gujrati zebu 
(pl. xx.) in direction and curvature. In the second place, 
the horns of zebus are so variable that it is impossible to 
affirm anything definite with regard to them. From the type 
above described by Lydekker from the Gujrati breed the 
horns may deviate by taking a horizontal direction sideways 
or a horizontal and forward curvature or a downward inclina- 
tion. Most curious of all is the type seen in the Mysore 
breed, here the horns arise close together on the top of the 
head and recede backwards and upwards, the whole of the 
anterior surface being concave. In the calf, indeed, they 
begin as erect buds, not as lateral horizontal buds as in the 
Gujrati. With regard to the question at issue, the point to 
be noticed is that the Mysore zebu differs more from the 
short-horned zebu in the position and curvature of the horns 
than the short-horned zebu differs from short-horned British 
cattle. Yet no one supposes these zebus to be other than 
domesticated breeds of one and the same species. 
In European cattle, even setting aside for the moment 
