110 Mr. R. I. Pocock on some 
wild prototype of the dog. Moreover, pure-bred dingoes and 
some Eskimo dogs, [am told, never bark. But no one believes 
them on that account to be specifically distinct from dogs 
which habitually bark. For these reasons I do not think 
the differences between the voices of B. indicus and B. taurus 
can be held as proof of specific difference between them, and 
the same concession must be made in the case of the claim of 
the banteng descent of B. indicus. 
Habits —Blyth pointed out that humped cattle in India 
differ from ordinary European cattle in that they never seek 
shade and never go into water and stand there knee-deep. 
Lydekker (p. 150) quotes this passage in his endorsement of 
Blyth’s opinion that the zebu is of different specific descent 
from European cattle; but his acceptance of the theory that 
zebu are domesticated forms of the banteng involves the con- 
clusion that an equally great change in habits has taken 
place, the banteng being a forest-dweller like its ally the 
gaur. Moreover, when discussing (p. 89) Professor Hughes’s 
denial that British park cattle were derived from an ancestor 
which dwelt in forests, he admits that the habits of domesti- 
cated cattle have varied to some extent from those of their 
wild ancestors. This admission is founded on the known 
habit of park cattle of lying out in the open during periods of 
repose, coupled with the assumption that the aurochs (B. 
primigenius) resembled the gaur in seeking shade. Although 
the truth of this assumption cannot, in my opinion, be 
eranted, considering that the gaur is a tropical Indian species, 
whereas the aurochs inhabited temperate latitudes in Europe 
and Asia, Lydekker’s opinion that a change of habit has 
taken place in park cattle deprives of its value his support of 
Blyth’s claim that the further change in the ease of the zebu 
is evidence of specific difference of origin *. 
The zebu’s avoidance of water may perhaps be explained, 
without reference to specific ancestral traits, by its being 
originally, at all events, a breed raised for survival in hot 
desert countries where water was periodically scarce, and 
where in times of drought and shortage of food the hump was 
useful for the sustenance it supplied. In specimens kept on 
* An interesting case attesting variation in habits and instincts of 
park cattle was reported to me some years ago. The Zoological Society _ 
sent a bull and a cow of a mixed Vaynol and Chartley breed to Calcutta. 
The bull soon died from exposure to the sun, disregarding the shade of a 
tree in the enclosure. The cow, having the instinct to avail herself of 
the shelter, survived. 
