BLOOD AND BLOOD DERIVATIVES — COHN 437 



"A plan for collection, transportation and administration of whole blood and 

 of plasma in warfare" (DeGowin and Hardin, War Medicine, vol. 1, p. 326, 1941) 

 reviews the earlier experience on blood transfusion. 



The technique of blood preservation and of rotating blood banks has recently 

 been summarized in a bulletin prepared by the Medical Division of the Office 

 of Civilian Defense (OCD Publ. 2220, March 1944). 



B. Dry Plasma. 



D'Arsenval and Bordas (Compt. Rend. Seances Acad. Sci., vol. 142, p. 1058, 

 May 1906) Introduced the use of low temperature for condensation of water 

 vapor with a high vacuum for drying of easily alterable substances such as 

 starches and albuminoid substances. In 1934 Elser (U. S. Patent 1970956, 1934) 

 and in 1935 Elser, Thomas, and Steffen (Journ. Immunol., vol. 28, p. 433, 1935) 

 described a process and apparatus for desiccating liquid and semisolid biological 

 substances by means of high-vacuum low-temperature condensation. 



Since 1935, Flosdorf and Mudd (Journ. Immunol., vol. 29, p. 389, 1935; vol. 34, 

 p. 469, 1938), and Flosdorf, Stokes, and Mudd (Journ. Amer. Med. Assoc, vol. 

 115, p. 1095, 1940) have published a series of papers on drying from the frozen 

 state. Important contributions have since been made by Greaves and Adair 

 (Journ. Hyg, vol. 39, p. 413, 1939), Hill and Pfeiffer (Ann. Intern. Med., vol. 14, 

 p. 201, 1940), Strumia and McGraw (Journ. Lab. and Clin. Med. vol. 28, p. 

 1140, 1943), and Strumia, McGraw, and Reichel (Amer. Journ. Clin. Pathol., 

 vol. 11, p. 480, 1941). The use of dry plasma had been extensively investigated 

 by Strumia, Wagner, and Monaghan (Ann. Surg, vol. Ill, p. 623, 1940; Journ. 

 Amer. Med. Assoc, vol. 114, p. 1337, 1940), Strumia and McGraw (Journ. Amer. 

 Med. Assoc, vol. 116, p. 2378, 1941), and others before this war. 



C. The Physical Properties of Plasma Components. 



The molecular weights and shapes of the plasma proteins are discussed by 

 Svedberg and Peterson (The ultracentrifuge, Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 1940) , 

 Oncley (Journ. Phys. Chem., vol. 44, p. 1103, 1940; Chem. Rev., vol. 30, p. 433, 

 1942), Tiselius (Biochem. Journ., vol. 31, pp. 313, 1464, 1937; Trans. Faraday Soc, 

 vol. 33, p. 524, 1937), Colin (Chem. Rev., vol. 28, p. 395, 1941; Trans, and Stud., 

 Coll. Physicians [Philadelphia], ser. 4, vol. 10, p. 149, 1942), and most recently 

 by Cohn, Oncley, Strong, Hughes, and Armstrong (Journ. Clin. Inv., vol. 23, 

 p. 417, 1944). 



Electrophoretic analyses of the plasma proteins in health and disease are 

 given by Tiselius (Trans. Faraday Soc, vol. 33, p. 524, 1937; Biochem. Journ., 

 vol. 31, p. 1464, 1937) and Tiselius and Kabat (Journ. Exp. Med., vol. 69, p. 119, 

 1939), Svensson (Kolloid-Zeitschr., vol. 87, p. 181, 1939), Longsworth, Shedlovsky, 

 and Maclnnes (Journ. Exp. Med., vol. 70, p. 399, 1939), Maclnnes and Longs- 

 worth (Science, vol. 89, p. 43S, 1939), Longsworth and Maclnnes (Chem. Rev., 

 vol. 24, p. 271, 1939; Journ. Exp. Med., vol. 71, p. 77, 1940), Luetscher (Journ. 

 Amer. Chem. Soc, vol. 61, p. 2888, 1939 ; Journ. Clin. Inv., vol. 19, p. 313, 1940 ; 

 vol.20, p. 99, 1941). 



D. The Fractionation of Plasma. 



During the last century there have been innumerable investigations on the 

 separation of one or another of the components of plasma. Two classical papers, 

 both of which appeared in 1905, are by Hardy (Journ. Physiol., vol. 33, p. 251, 

 1905) and Mellanby (Journ. Physiol., vol. 33, p. 338, 1905). Then came some 

 important contributions from Chick and Martin (Journ. Physiol., vol. 40, p. 404, 

 1910; vol. 43, p. 1, 1911 ; vol. 45, pp. 61, 261, 1912-13), and from S0rensen (Proteins, 

 Fleischmann Laboratories, New York, 1925). Much of the earlier literature on 

 this subject not specifically referred to in this communication is considered by 

 Cohn (Physiol. Rev., vol. 5, p. 349, 1925; Ann. Rev. Biochem., vol. 4, p. 93, 1935; 



