188 Mr. Woodward’s Reply to Mr. Charlesworth. 
and observing that, if the rate of duty which I had mentioned 
could be maintained, a very great improvement might take 
place in the engines most generally employed. 
I still think that this is a very important object for the con- 
sideration of persons who employ or construct steam engines ; 
and if Mr. Henwood’s notice of my short letter should assist 
in interesting them in the subject, it will not be without its use, 
though I may not be inclined to trouble you again upon the 
disputed points. I am, Gentlemen, yours very truly, 
Bedford Row, Jan, 26, 1836. Joun Taytor. 
XXVIII. Cn the Crag Formation; in answer to Mr. Charles- 
worth’s “ Reply.” By Samuet Woopwarp, Esq. 
To the Editors of the Philosophical Magazine and Journal. 
GENTLEMEN, 
HE severe animadversions by Mr. Charlesworth, in your 
Number for December 1835, on my notice of his former 
paper, necessitates my requesting the favour of your inserting 
a few lines in reply. 
Mr.Charlesworth’s remarks about “breach of decorum” and 
‘*impugning his veracity,” &c. &c. [ leave to the good sense 
of your readers; neither do I intend to quarrel about words. 
The difference between my opponent and myself appears to 
be this: He makes his “ red crag” a distinct formation, newer 
than the one upon which it reposes. I, on the contrary, have 
asserted it to be diluvial or disrupted crag, and cited as ex- 
amples the cliffs north and south of Yarmouth and at Cromer. 
Mr. R. C. Taylor, at p. 21 of his Geology of Eastern Norfolk, 
states, that “‘ the crag itself has, at the last of the geological 
epochs, been subject to abrasion by the diluvial currents to 
which allusion has been made. Their fragments, mingled 
with those of the chalk and preceding formations, piled in 
enormous heaps, form the cliffs of Cromer and Trimmingham, 
Z50 or 300 feet in thickness, upon the original crag, which 
rests, 22 situ, at their base.” And, strange to say, at p. 86, 
Mr. Charlesworth, forgetting his discovery that “ the red crag 
was a gradual deposit formed by successive accumulations of 
marine exuvie,” quotes my friend Mr. Searles Wood as fol- 
lows: ‘ Jam inclined to think the whole of the upper stratum 
has been produced from the ruin of the lower.” After such 
a contradiction of himself I might surely with greater pro- 
priety retort upon him the passage occurring at p. 466, |. 27. 
My impression on the first glance at the upper bed at 
Ramsholt was, (comparing it with the Norfolk deposit,) that, 
from its discoloration by the oxide of iron and there being no 
— 
