576 Geological Society. 
The beds of conglomerate, or in the language of the author, of 
shingle, are of enormous thickness, and are composed of pebbles of 
granite, gneiss, mica-slate, hornblende-slate, and trap, derived appa- 
rently from the Himalayas, and are either loosely aggregated or ce- 
mented by clay and carbonate of lime. 
The sandstone consists of grains of quartz and scales of mica, ce- 
mented by oxide of iron or carbonate of lime. The colour presents 
various shades of red and grey ; and the state of induration differs in 
proportion to the quantity of the cementing matter, which sometimes 
gives the stone a crystalline appearance. It is occasionally used as 
a building material and in some instances has resisted for a long time 
the action of the atmosphere. Carbonaceous matter is of common 
occurrence in the sandstone, either in fragments exhibiting the struc- 
ture of dicotyledonous plants, or as grains disseminated throughout 
the stone in nearly equal proportions with the sand. Carbonaceous 
matter exists also in the marl, and in one instance Capt. Cautley 
noticed it in the conglomerate. It has never yet been found in suf- 
ficient quantity to be of economical importance. At the Kalowala 
Pass, one of the entrances into the Deyra valley, the author discovered 
in a bed of yellow and red sand elliptical masses of sandstone coated 
by a thin layer of carbonaceous matter. 
The marl or clay conglomerate is described as consisting of frag- 
ments of indurated clay cemented by clay, sand, and carbonate of 
lime. It is exceedingly tough, and is less easily acted upon by run- 
ning water than the other strata. 
The only point at which trap has been observed is in the neigh- 
bourhood of Nahun, where it has been noticed by Dr. Falconer. 
Soda effloresces on the surface of the shingle and sandstone, and 
selenite occurs occasionally in the clay. 
The distribution of the organic remains in the district between the 
Jumna and the Ganges, Capt. Cautley states to be as follows, the 
greater part of the fossils having been obtained at the Kalowala Pass. 
Conglomerate or Shingle Beds.—Lignite, scarce. 
Sandstone.—Trunks of dicotyledonous trees in great abundance, 
lignite, and remains of reptiles. 
Marl.—Pachydermata : teeth, and remains of a species of Anthra- 
cotherium. 
Carnivora: genera doubtful, but some of the teeth corre- 
spond with those of the Bear. 
Rodentia: Rat, and a small variety of Castor. 
Ruminantia : Deer, more species than one. 
Solipede, teeth of a Horse. 
Gavial and Crocodile, teeth and bones in abundance. 
Emys and Trionyx, fragments of. 
Pisces, vertebre and perhaps scales. 
Shells, freshwater genera. 
The district between the Jumna and the Sutluj consists of the same 
series of shingle or conglomerate, sand, clay, and marl; but the shin- 
gle is less abundant, and differs in being composed of pebbles of va- 
