AKT. 11 PREHISTORIC PIT HOUSE VILLAGE SITE KRIEGER 15 



Then, too, it must be assumed, as in the Southwest, that all ves- 

 tiges of former habitation do not necessarily presuppose synchronous 

 occupancy. If each permanent pit house village site, and each tem- 

 porary fishing camp, of which traces have been found along the 

 middle and upper Columbia, had been occupied within the period of 

 one decade, the total native population must well have exceeded that 

 of the white race now occupying the same territory. For example, 

 what once were thriving Indian villages of several hundred individ- 

 uals, located at two distinct sites on the Columbia at Priest Rapids, 

 is now a practically uninhabited and for the white man an uninhabit- 

 able region. It is probable, however, that tribal warfare and habita- 

 tion traditions limited the permanent native population, except during 

 the fishing season, to small groups of Wanapiim or Columbia River 

 Indians. 



The animal resources utilized by members of this tribe as revealed 

 in burial offerings and surface finds at Wahluke are noted in the 

 following : 



Elk (Cervus Canadensis) Decorated, geometrically etched, perforate 



ribs used as fillets; gaff for fishhook from 

 section of antler; weaving implement from 

 antler; bone gouges; digging-stick handle; 

 gaming sticks shaped from sections of 

 antler; wedges for splitting; knives for 

 cutting; wristlets and ornamentally in- 

 cised pendants; teeth perforated for use as 

 pendants; meat dried for food; antler for 

 bow staves. 



Deer {Odontocoelus Americanus) Horn used as flaking tool, awl, weaving 



implement; skins used as clothing; sinew 

 for sewing; meat used for food; sinew used 

 to reinforce bow stave; antler used as 

 gouge. 



Dog An extinct variety kept for the use of their 



shaggy coat of hair in blanket making; 

 kept as watch dogs and used on the hunt 

 but not eaten. 



Mink {Putorius vison) Fur as ornaments on headdresses. 



Beaver Fur; teeth perforated and carved as pend- 

 ants; also as knives, beads. 



Rabbit Hunted for its meat; skins used in weaving 



blankets. 



Mountain sheep {Ovis cervina) Bow stave section; horn spoons. 



Fresh-water clam or unio (Proto- Used as a food; shell cut and perforated for 

 thaca sp.). use as a pendant. 



Land otter {Lutra hudsonica) Quiver case. 



Porcupine Quills for ornamental display . 



Bear Teeth as pendants and weaving implement; 



claws as ornaments; skins as robes; as 

 food. 



Wolf and coyote Teeth used as ornaments; skins for covering. 



