MANNER OF MIGRATION. 55 



ciated with the young. Some fly by day, some by night, 

 and others by both day and night. This fact was iirst 

 established by Mr. WiUiam Brewster, who, in his admi- 

 rable memoir on Bird Migration, writes : " Timid, seden- 

 tary, or feeble-winged birds migrate by night, because 

 they are either afraid to venture on long, exposed jour- 

 neys by daylight, or unable to continue these journeys 

 day after day without losing much time in stopping to 

 search for food. By taking the nights for traveling 

 they can devote the days entirely to feeding and resting 

 in their favorite haunts. Good examples are Thrushes 

 (except the Robin), Wrens, Warblers, and Vireos. 



" Bold, restless, strong- winged birds migrate chiefly, 

 or very freely, by day, because, being accustomed to seek 

 their food in open situations, they are indiiferent to con- 

 cealment, and being further able to accomplish long dis- 

 tances rapidly and with slight fatigue, they can ordi- 

 narily spare sufiicient time by the way for brief stops 

 in places where food is al)undant and e:isily obtained. 

 Under certain conditions, however, as when crossing 

 large bodies of water or regions scantily supplied with 

 food, they are sometimes obliged to travel partly, or per- 

 haps even exclusively, by night. Excellent examples are 

 the Robin {Menda)^ Horned Lark {Otocorii)^ and most 

 Icteridce [Bobolink, Blackbirds, and Orioles]. 



" Birds of easy, tireless wing, which habitually feed in 

 the air or over very extensive areas, migrate exclusively 

 by day, because, being al)le either to ol)tain their usual 

 supply of food as they fly, or to accom])lish the longest 

 journeys so rapidly that they do not require to feed on 

 the way, they are under no necessity of changing their 

 usual habits. The be.^t examples are Swallows, Swifts, 

 and Hawks." 



While migrating, birds follow mountain chains, coast- 

 lines, and particularly river valleys, all of which become 



