﻿6 
  PROCEEDINGS 
  OF 
  THE 
  NATIONAL 
  MUSEUM 
  vol.08 
  

  

  as 
  much 
  above 
  the 
  silvery 
  band 
  as 
  below 
  it 
  ; 
  front 
  of 
  head 
  with 
  small 
  

  

  denticles 
  ; 
  scales 
  without 
  denticles. 
  

  

  4a. 
  Silvery 
  lateral 
  band 
  fading 
  and 
  interrupted 
  or 
  narrowly 
  constricted 
  

  

  on 
  caudal 
  peduncle, 
  then 
  continuing 
  and 
  expanding, 
  ending 
  in 
  a 
  

  

  prominently 
  enlarged 
  silvery 
  area 
  (southern 
  Australia, 
  Tasmania, 
  

  

  South 
  Africa, 
  and 
  India) 
  Tropidostethus 
  Ogilby 
  

  

  46. 
  Silvery 
  lateral 
  band 
  continuous 
  and 
  not 
  interrupted 
  (Japan). 
  

  

  Iso 
  Jordan 
  and 
  Starks 
  

   26. 
  Midventral 
  line 
  of 
  abdomen 
  without 
  a 
  fleshy 
  keel 
  as 
  above 
  although 
  ventral 
  

   edge 
  is 
  sharply 
  compressed 
  and 
  fully 
  scaled 
  ; 
  head 
  without 
  denticles 
  ; 
  

   premaxillaries 
  protractile 
  and 
  expanded 
  posteriorly 
  ; 
  ascending 
  process 
  

   a 
  narrow-based 
  slender 
  bony 
  spinelike 
  projection 
  ; 
  silvery 
  lateral 
  band 
  

   absent 
  ; 
  greatest 
  depth 
  of 
  body 
  more 
  than 
  length 
  of 
  head 
  ; 
  pelvic 
  insertion 
  

   notably 
  closer 
  to 
  upper 
  angle 
  of 
  pectoral 
  fin 
  base 
  than 
  to 
  anal 
  origin; 
  

   axillary 
  scale 
  of 
  pelvics 
  exceedingly 
  long, 
  usually 
  about 
  two-thirds 
  of 
  

   eye; 
  both 
  dorsal 
  and 
  anal 
  fins 
  with 
  a 
  sheath 
  of 
  scales 
  one 
  row 
  wide; 
  

   origin 
  of 
  first 
  dorsal 
  far 
  in 
  advance 
  of 
  anus, 
  nearly 
  over 
  tips 
  of 
  pelvics 
  ; 
  

   anus 
  just 
  in 
  front 
  of 
  anal 
  origin 
  ; 
  vertebrae 
  in 
  two 
  counts 
  14+22 
  and 
  

   14+24 
  (Atlantic 
  and 
  Pacific 
  sides 
  of 
  Central 
  America 
  and 
  in 
  Cuba 
  and 
  

  

  West 
  Indies) 
  (subfamily 
  Menidiinae) 
  Melanorhinus 
  Metzelaar 
  

  

  16. 
  Head 
  not 
  truncate 
  posteriorly 
  ; 
  pectoral 
  not 
  placed 
  above 
  silvery 
  lateral 
  band 
  

   or 
  notably 
  high 
  on 
  body, 
  usually 
  opposite 
  or 
  below 
  silvery 
  lateral 
  band; 
  

   silvery 
  lateral 
  band 
  normally 
  present 
  ; 
  midventral 
  line 
  of 
  abdomen 
  without 
  

   fieshy 
  keel, 
  although 
  ventral 
  edge 
  may 
  be 
  sharply 
  compressed 
  and 
  scaled 
  ; 
  

   head 
  usually 
  without 
  denticles 
  but 
  if 
  present 
  in 
  nearly 
  parallel 
  lines 
  

   (Atherion) 
  ; 
  premaxillaries 
  protractile 
  or 
  not 
  protractile. 
  

   5a. 
  Edge 
  of 
  premaxillary 
  either 
  straight 
  or 
  a 
  little 
  convex, 
  gape 
  of 
  mouth 
  not 
  

   concave 
  and 
  posterior 
  end 
  of 
  premaxillary 
  not 
  notably 
  broadened 
  or 
  

   dilated; 
  rictus 
  scarcely 
  restricted 
  at 
  corner 
  of 
  mouth 
  by 
  a 
  membrane 
  

   folding 
  between 
  jaws 
  ; 
  anus 
  notably 
  in 
  advance 
  of 
  anal 
  origin 
  ; 
  anal-fin 
  

   origin 
  always 
  far 
  behind 
  first 
  dorsal 
  origin 
  ; 
  pelvic 
  fins 
  inserted 
  notably 
  

   closer 
  to 
  pectoral 
  base 
  than 
  anal 
  origin 
  ; 
  ascending 
  premaxillary 
  process 
  

   meeting 
  its 
  fellow 
  along 
  midline, 
  at 
  least 
  basally; 
  teeth 
  in 
  villiform 
  

   bands, 
  sometimes 
  reflected 
  on 
  outer 
  face 
  of 
  premaxillary 
  as 
  "shagreen." 
  

   6a. 
  Air 
  bladder 
  or 
  body 
  cavity 
  tapering 
  to 
  a 
  point 
  posteriorly^ 
  and 
  extending 
  

   into 
  three 
  to 
  six 
  of 
  the 
  haemal 
  arches, 
  which 
  have 
  more 
  or 
  less 
  broad- 
  

   ened 
  hypophyses 
  opposite 
  the 
  air 
  bladder 
  (figs. 
  16 
  and 
  Ic) 
  ; 
  no 
  denticles 
  

   or 
  spinules; 
  one 
  or 
  two 
  short 
  lateral 
  processes 
  on 
  premaxillary 
  in 
  

   addition 
  to 
  ascending 
  terminal 
  one 
  ; 
  origin 
  of 
  first 
  dorsal 
  closer 
  to 
  tip 
  

   of 
  snout 
  than 
  to 
  caudal 
  fin 
  base 
  ; 
  scales 
  if 
  present 
  on 
  base 
  of 
  pectoral 
  

   small, 
  not 
  enlarged; 
  rami 
  of 
  mandible 
  elevated 
  (see 
  pis. 
  1, 
  2). 
  

  

  (subfamily 
  Athebininae) 
  

   7a. 
  Air 
  bladder 
  extending 
  into 
  five 
  or 
  six 
  of 
  the 
  broadened 
  haemal 
  arches, 
  

   the 
  latter 
  not 
  connecting 
  by 
  a 
  bony 
  platelike 
  process 
  with 
  the 
  fol- 
  

   lowing 
  arch 
  ; 
  anus 
  behind 
  tips 
  of 
  pelvics, 
  closer 
  to 
  anal 
  origin 
  than 
  

   to 
  pelvic 
  bases. 
  

   8a. 
  Anterior 
  ascending 
  premaxillary 
  process 
  long 
  and 
  slender, 
  reaching 
  

   past 
  front 
  of 
  orbits 
  ; 
  vomer 
  and 
  palatines 
  without 
  teeth 
  ; 
  middorsal 
  

   ridge 
  obvious 
  just 
  behind 
  rear 
  of 
  head 
  (southern 
  European 
  

  

  region) 
  Atherina 
  Linnaeus 
  

  

  86. 
  Anterior 
  ascending 
  premaxillary 
  process 
  broad, 
  not 
  reaching 
  past 
  

   front 
  of 
  orbit 
  ; 
  vomer 
  and 
  palatines 
  with 
  obvious 
  but 
  small 
  teeth 
  ; 
  

   no 
  middorsal 
  ridge 
  behind 
  head 
  (southern 
  European 
  region). 
  

  

  Hepsetia 
  Bonaparte 
  

  

  