﻿SIX 
  SUBFAMILIES 
  OF 
  ATHERINIDAE 
  — 
  SCHULTZ 
  9 
  

  

  19o. 
  Scales 
  small 
  in 
  more 
  than 
  68 
  rows 
  from 
  upper 
  edge 
  of 
  gill 
  open- 
  

   ing 
  to 
  midbase 
  or 
  caudal 
  fin 
  ; 
  scaly 
  sheath 
  at 
  base 
  of 
  anal 
  pres- 
  

   ent 
  or 
  absent 
  ; 
  more 
  than 
  15 
  rows 
  of 
  scales 
  between 
  dorsal 
  

   origins 
  ; 
  either 
  no 
  teetli 
  on 
  vomer 
  or 
  a 
  very 
  few 
  minute 
  ones 
  

   that 
  can 
  be 
  felt 
  with 
  a 
  needle 
  or 
  seen 
  under 
  magnification. 
  

   20a. 
  Origin 
  of 
  first 
  dorsal 
  far 
  in 
  advance 
  of 
  anal 
  origin 
  and 
  in 
  front 
  

   of 
  a 
  vertical 
  line 
  through 
  anus; 
  no 
  scaly 
  siieath 
  along 
  base 
  of 
  

   anal 
  fin 
  or 
  at 
  least 
  not 
  more 
  than 
  a 
  few 
  scales 
  at 
  anal 
  origin 
  ; 
  

   base 
  of 
  last 
  ray 
  of 
  second 
  dorsal 
  over, 
  a 
  little 
  behind, 
  or 
  a 
  

   little 
  in 
  front 
  of 
  base 
  of 
  last 
  anal 
  ray 
  ; 
  posterior 
  margin 
  of 
  

   scales 
  entire 
  or 
  slightly 
  crenulate; 
  teeth 
  in 
  jaws 
  in 
  outer 
  

   row 
  a 
  little 
  enlarged, 
  inner 
  row 
  of 
  minute 
  teeth 
  single 
  or 
  in 
  

   a 
  narrow 
  irregular 
  band 
  ; 
  sometimes 
  a 
  few 
  scales 
  at 
  anterior 
  

   part 
  of 
  interorbital 
  space 
  are 
  reversed 
  in 
  imbrication 
  ; 
  verte- 
  

   brae 
  in 
  four 
  counts 
  24 
  to 
  28+23 
  to 
  30 
  (Peru 
  to 
  Patagonia, 
  

   Juan 
  Fernandez 
  and 
  Falkland 
  Islands 
  along 
  coast 
  and 
  in 
  

  

  fresh 
  waters) 
  Austromenidia 
  Hubbs 
  

  

  206. 
  Origin 
  of 
  first 
  dorsal 
  a 
  little 
  behind 
  origin 
  of 
  anal 
  fin 
  ; 
  a 
  well- 
  

   developed 
  scaly 
  sheath 
  along 
  base 
  of 
  anal 
  fin 
  ; 
  base 
  of 
  last 
  

   ray 
  of 
  second 
  dorsal 
  notably 
  in 
  advance 
  of 
  base 
  of 
  last 
  anal 
  

   ray 
  or 
  over 
  about 
  fifth 
  from 
  last 
  anal 
  ray 
  ; 
  posterior 
  margin 
  

   of 
  scales 
  strongly 
  crenulate 
  ; 
  teeth 
  minute, 
  microscopic, 
  or 
  

   lacking, 
  if 
  present 
  in 
  a 
  narrow 
  villiform 
  band 
  ; 
  no 
  scale 
  in 
  

   interorbital 
  space 
  reversed 
  in 
  imbrication 
  ; 
  vertebrae 
  in 
  two 
  

   counts 
  29+20 
  to 
  22 
  (San 
  Francisco 
  Bay 
  to 
  Baja 
  Cali- 
  

   fornia) 
  Leuresthes 
  Jordan 
  and 
  Gilbert 
  

  

  19&. 
  Scales 
  larger 
  in 
  fewer 
  than 
  60 
  rows 
  from 
  upper 
  edge 
  of 
  gill 
  open- 
  

   ing 
  to 
  midbase 
  of 
  caudal 
  tin 
  ; 
  origin 
  of 
  first 
  dorsal 
  between 
  a 
  

   vertical 
  line 
  through 
  anal 
  origin 
  and 
  one 
  through 
  anus 
  ; 
  sheath 
  

   of 
  scales 
  along 
  anal 
  base 
  confined 
  to 
  a 
  small 
  group 
  at 
  anterior 
  

   part 
  of 
  base 
  of 
  that 
  fin 
  ; 
  7 
  to 
  9 
  rows 
  of 
  scales 
  between 
  dorsal 
  

   origins; 
  base 
  of 
  last 
  ray 
  of 
  second 
  dorsal 
  behind 
  base 
  of 
  last 
  

   anal 
  ray 
  ; 
  about 
  25 
  to 
  30 
  gill 
  rakers 
  on 
  lower 
  limb 
  of 
  first 
  gill 
  

   arch. 
  

   21ff. 
  Teeth 
  in 
  both 
  jaws 
  enlarged, 
  rows 
  rather 
  widely 
  spaced 
  but 
  

   sometimes 
  irregular 
  ; 
  teeth 
  on 
  vomer 
  more 
  or 
  less 
  well 
  devel- 
  

   oped, 
  obsolete 
  in 
  young 
  ; 
  snout 
  more 
  or 
  less 
  pointed, 
  somewhat 
  

   pikelike 
  in 
  perugiae; 
  premaxillaries 
  moderately 
  protractile 
  ; 
  

   margins 
  of 
  scales 
  entire 
  ; 
  dorsal 
  rays 
  IV-I, 
  i, 
  7 
  to 
  VII-I, 
  i, 
  10 
  ; 
  

   anal 
  rays 
  I, 
  i, 
  13 
  to 
  16 
  ; 
  vertebrae 
  in 
  two 
  counts 
  26 
  or 
  27+22 
  

   to 
  23 
  (Atlantic 
  coasts 
  from 
  Brazil 
  to 
  Argentina 
  in 
  fresh 
  

  

  waters) 
  Odontesthes 
  Evermann 
  and 
  Kendall 
  

  

  211). 
  Teeth 
  minute 
  in 
  about 
  two 
  rows 
  on 
  jaws 
  ; 
  possibly 
  minute 
  

   teeth 
  on 
  vomer, 
  but 
  none 
  on 
  palatines; 
  snout 
  not 
  pointed; 
  

   premaxillaries 
  excessively 
  protractile 
  as 
  in 
  Leuresthes 
  tenuis; 
  

   margins 
  of 
  scales 
  rough 
  or 
  entire; 
  dorsal 
  rays 
  VI-I, 
  i, 
  8; 
  

   anal 
  I, 
  i, 
  21 
  ; 
  scales 
  54 
  to 
  56 
  ; 
  vertebrae 
  in 
  one 
  count 
  29+20 
  

  

  (Gulf 
  of 
  California) 
  Hubbsiella 
  Breder 
  

  

  ISb. 
  Premaxillary 
  not 
  protractile, 
  connected 
  to 
  tip 
  of 
  snout 
  by 
  a 
  frenum 
  ; 
  

   ascending 
  premaxillary 
  process 
  a 
  short 
  broad-based 
  triangular 
  

   plate, 
  not 
  spinelike; 
  posterior 
  margin 
  of 
  scales 
  entire; 
  origin 
  of 
  

   first 
  dorsal 
  over 
  anus 
  or 
  a 
  little 
  in 
  advance 
  of 
  a 
  vertical 
  line 
  

   through 
  anus. 
  

  

  763520—48 
  2 
  

  

  