﻿MAMMALS 
  OF 
  NORTHERN 
  COLOMBIA 
  — 
  HERSHKOVITZ 
  385 
  

  

  gene 
  des 
  Indes 
  et 
  sur 
  les 
  rives 
  du 
  grand 
  fleuve 
  de 
  la 
  Madeleine, 
  est 
  le 
  

   Simia 
  seniculus 
  de 
  Linn^. 
  Le 
  synonyme 
  de 
  Jacquin, 
  rapports 
  dans 
  le 
  

   Systema 
  Naturae, 
  ne 
  laisse 
  aucun 
  doute 
  sur 
  cette 
  identite, 
  et 
  le 
  celebre 
  

   botaniste 
  de 
  Vienne 
  a 
  trouv6 
  ce 
  Hurleur 
  ^ 
  pen 
  pres 
  dans 
  le 
  meme 
  

   endroit 
  que 
  nous 
  I'avons 
  trouv^, 
  lorsque 
  nous 
  remontames 
  a 
  Mompox 
  

   par 
  la 
  digue 
  de 
  Mahates." 
  The 
  Canal 
  de 
  Mahates 
  is 
  one 
  of 
  the 
  

   navigable 
  lower 
  channels 
  of 
  the 
  Rio 
  Magdalena 
  that 
  empties 
  into 
  the 
  

   sea 
  south 
  of 
  Cartagena. 
  

  

  Distribution. 
  — 
  Wooded 
  areas 
  of 
  northwestern 
  South 
  America 
  ; 
  from 
  

   northern 
  Choc6 
  and 
  the 
  Santa 
  Marta 
  region 
  in 
  northwestern 
  Colombia 
  

   east 
  into 
  western 
  Venezuela, 
  thence 
  south 
  in 
  eastern 
  Colombia, 
  eastern 
  

   Ecuador 
  and 
  across 
  the 
  Amazon 
  into 
  southwestern 
  Brazil 
  and 
  north- 
  

   eastern 
  Peru.^ 
  

  

  The 
  red 
  howler 
  occurs 
  throughout 
  Colombia, 
  except 
  in 
  the 
  south- 
  

   western 
  portion, 
  from 
  sea 
  level 
  to 
  approximately 
  2,000 
  meters 
  above. 
  

   There 
  are 
  records 
  of 
  both 
  seniculus 
  and 
  A. 
  palliata 
  from 
  the 
  Cartagena 
  

   region 
  south 
  to 
  the 
  Rio 
  Sinu, 
  from 
  the 
  Rio 
  Atrato, 
  and 
  from 
  the 
  

   Dari^n 
  in 
  the 
  Choc6.® 
  Only 
  A. 
  palliata 
  is 
  known 
  from 
  Panama 
  north- 
  

   ward 
  and 
  from 
  farther 
  south 
  along 
  the 
  coast 
  of 
  Colombia 
  and 
  Ecuador. 
  

   The 
  red 
  howler, 
  as 
  in 
  the 
  case 
  of 
  many 
  species 
  of 
  Brazilian 
  origin, 
  

   crossed 
  the 
  northeastern 
  extremities 
  of 
  the 
  Andes 
  and 
  introduced 
  itself 
  

   into 
  the 
  Lake 
  Maracaibo 
  drainage 
  basin 
  and 
  the 
  valley 
  of 
  the 
  Rio 
  

   Rancheria 
  in 
  Colombia, 
  thence 
  south 
  into 
  the 
  Cauca-Magdalena 
  and 
  

   the 
  Atrato 
  drainage 
  basins. 
  This 
  species, 
  while 
  not 
  necessarily 
  the 
  

   first 
  to 
  enter 
  any 
  area, 
  is 
  certainly 
  among 
  the 
  last 
  of 
  the 
  monkeys 
  to 
  

   leave 
  it. 
  It 
  is 
  found 
  high 
  and 
  above 
  the 
  altitudinal 
  limits 
  of 
  any 
  

   other 
  kind 
  of 
  monkey, 
  except 
  possibly 
  Aotus, 
  with 
  which 
  it 
  may 
  be 
  

   found 
  in 
  association 
  at 
  lower 
  altitudes. 
  In 
  areas 
  where 
  all 
  other 
  

   species 
  of 
  monkeys 
  have 
  been 
  driven 
  out 
  or 
  caused 
  to 
  disappear 
  be- 
  

   cause 
  of 
  deforestation 
  or 
  isolation 
  from 
  principal 
  sources 
  of 
  food, 
  the 
  

   red 
  howler 
  may 
  still 
  be 
  found 
  occupying 
  the 
  last 
  isolated 
  stands 
  of 
  

   timber. 
  Riverine 
  islands 
  are 
  more 
  apt 
  to 
  be 
  inhabitated 
  by 
  red 
  

   howlers 
  than 
  by 
  any 
  other 
  species 
  of 
  monkey. 
  

  

  Habitat 
  versus 
  geographical 
  variation. 
  — 
  The 
  red 
  howler 
  is 
  a 
  compara- 
  

   tively 
  sedentary 
  animal, 
  sluggish 
  in 
  movement, 
  conservative 
  in 
  habits. 
  

   Combined 
  with 
  its 
  great 
  abihty 
  to 
  survive 
  environmental 
  fluctuations 
  

   is 
  its 
  small 
  capacity 
  for 
  adaptation 
  to 
  such 
  changes. 
  Under 
  normal 
  

   environmental 
  conditions 
  this 
  howler, 
  with 
  its 
  enormous 
  vitality 
  and 
  

   almost 
  complete 
  freedom 
  from 
  predators, 
  will 
  flourish. 
  Its 
  natural 
  

  

  • 
  Alouatta 
  macconnelli 
  Elliot 
  and 
  A. 
  seniculus 
  amazonica 
  Lonnberg 
  are 
  not 
  distinguishable 
  from 
  stramtnea 
  

   which, 
  in 
  turn, 
  is 
  but 
  weakly 
  differentiated 
  from 
  typical 
  seniculus. 
  It 
  is 
  doubtful 
  that 
  jwora 
  Elliot 
  (juruana 
  

   LSnnberg, 
  a 
  synonym) 
  and 
  puruensis 
  Lonnberg 
  can 
  be 
  separated 
  from 
  seniculus. 
  A. 
  seniculus 
  sara 
  Elliot, 
  

   from 
  Sara, 
  Bolivia, 
  and 
  A. 
  s. 
  insularis 
  Elliot 
  of 
  Trinidad, 
  appear 
  to 
  be 
  valid 
  subspecies. 
  

  

  • 
  In 
  the 
  U. 
  S. 
  National 
  Museum, 
  five 
  specimens 
  of 
  ^. 
  seniculus 
  and 
  two 
  of 
  A. 
  palliata 
  aequatorialis 
  from 
  

   the 
  lower 
  Atrato 
  and 
  Rio 
  Truando, 
  collected 
  by 
  A. 
  Schott; 
  in 
  the 
  Carnegie 
  Museum, 
  one 
  specimen 
  of 
  

   A. 
  p. 
  aequatorialis 
  from 
  Turbaco, 
  near 
  Cartagena, 
  and 
  two 
  from 
  Lorica 
  at 
  the 
  mouth 
  of 
  the 
  Sinfl, 
  collected 
  

   by 
  M. 
  A. 
  Carriker, 
  Jr. 
  

  

  