544 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM 



a rare enougli object to be interpreted as evidence of contact between 

 the two groups regardless of its origin. 



Unfortunately, no carbon-14 dates are yet available for sites of 

 the Guangala culture. Absolute dates have been obtained from 

 obsidian at two Guangala sites, and these cover a range from 340 

 B.C. to A.D. 360 (Evans and Meggers, 1960, fig. 19). 



Another link to absolute chronology is the stone bark beater (pi. 

 6, b-c), which is known elsewhere on the Ecuadorian coast only from 

 the Bahia culture (pi. 6, a). The site of M-7: Esteros from which 

 the specimen came, has two carbon-14 dates: 2150±240 or 190 B.C. 

 (Sample W-833), and 2200 ±240 or 240 B.C. (Sample W-834) 

 (Rubin and Alexander, 1960, p. 181). Since the trait is likely to 

 have reached the Jambell culture from the Bahia area, the dates 

 may be slightly earlier than the appearance of bark beaters farther 

 to the south, although this is not necessarily the case. An atypical 

 pottery figurine head has a headdress with ear flaps (fig. 18) resembling 

 those frequently worn by La Plata Sentado figurines of the Bahia 

 culture (Estrada, 1957, figs. 70 center and 90) providing another 

 possible link with the north. 



To the south, the only archeological materials showing strong 

 affinities with the Jambell culture are those from Garbanzal, 9 km. 

 south of Tumbes on the right bank of the R.10 Tumbes in Peru (Ishida 

 et al., 1960, p. 423). Two sites are reported, one on the alluvial 

 terrace and another on a higher terrace. Although the investigators 

 have considered both to belong to the same cultural complex, correla- 

 tions with Ecuadorian archeology suggest that a distinction should 

 be made. The site on the lower level produced 23 complete vessels 

 and additional fragments readily classifiable into pottery types of the 

 Jambell Phase, including Jambeli Incised, Jambeli White-on-Red, 

 Jambell White Painted, Jambeli Polished Red, and Jambeli Negative 

 (op. cit., p. 120, fig. 54-56). The sand and mica temper is also typical 

 of Jambell wares (Mejia Xesspe, 1960, lam. 1, F). Vessel shapes 

 duplicate those representing the Jambeli Phase (fig. 42). 



The characteristics of the second Garbanzal site, on the upper 

 terrace, appear to be different. Artifacts were recovered from shaft 

 and chamber tombs (Mejia Xesspe, 1960, fig. 2), and included globular 

 jars and 34 pieces of copper ax money (Ishida et al., p. 423 and Ap- 

 pendix 1, fig. 2). In Ecuador, both shaft tombs and ax money are 

 associated with cultures of the later Integration Period. 



A distinction between the two Garbanzal sites is important for 

 establishing the absolute dating of the Jambeli culture because a 

 carbon-14 date has been obtained for Tomb 2 at the site on the upper 

 terrace of Garbanzal by the Radiocarbon Laboratory of the Depart- 

 ment of Physics and Chemistry, Gakushuin University. The sample 



