63 
Chapter IX. 
THE LAND-ICE. 
The following classification of the land-ice of South Victoria Land has been found 
convenient. The headings are largely taken from Dr. E. von Drygalski’s ‘ Gronland 
Expedition,’ and from Dr. Albert Heim’s ‘ Handbuch der Gletscherkunde,’ but have 
been to some extent modified to meet local requirements. 
(1) Ice-sheet * or Inland-ice* is the name applied to a mass of ice which 
covers a continental area of land. In South Victoria Land the sheets 
are of unknown extent, and enwrap and obliterate the inequalities of the 
interior land-surface, leaving coastal land-fringes comparatively free from 
ice. 
(2) Local Ice-caps ,f Hochlandeis, f the ice covering partially or wholly a 
limited land-mass. This ice may extend as an unbroken mass right down 
to the sea, or may escape as ice-streams. Such a cap may be defined as 
an ice-sheet on a 'Small scale. These terms are necessarily relative, for we 
frequently speak of a polar ice-cap with reference to the earth as a whole, 
or again of a “ local ice-cap such as that upon Hayes Peninsula, quite 
a small area. 
(3) Piedmont-glaciers J are formed by ice crowding on to a coastal plain at the 
foot of a mountain-range. In South Victoria Land three types are 
distinguished : (a) normal piedmonts-on-land ; (b) piedmonts-aground ; 
(c) piedmonts-afloat. 
(4) Glaciers of Greenland type , or Ice-streams, § drain an ice-sheet and end 
in the sea. 
(5) Glaciers of Norwegian type || consist of streams of ice flowing down well- 
defined valleys (fiords) from a large firnfield. 
(6) Glaciers of Alpine type*\ ] Valley-glaciers, drain small intermontane basins 
(firnmulden) : seldom advancing far from their mountain-sources, they never 
reach the sea. 
* H. Rink, ‘ Danish Greenland ’ (1877), p. 39 ; Drygalski, ‘ Gronland-Expedition,’ 1897, Bd. i, Chapter IV ; 
Heim, ‘ Handbuch der Gletscherkunde,’ 1885, p. 51 ; Garwood and Gregory, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., 1899, vol. lv, 
p. 682 ; Nansen, ‘First Crossing of Greenland,’ Chapters XV to XVIII. 
f H. Rink, ‘Danish Greenland’ (1877), p. 366; Drygalski, ‘Gronland-Expedition,’ 1897, Bd. i, p. 118; 
Chamberlin, Journal of Geology, 1895, vol. iii, p. 66. 
t I. C. Russell, ‘ Glaciers of North America,’ 1897, p. 2. 
§ H. Rink, ‘Danish Greenland’ (1S77), p. 369; Heim, ‘Handbuch der Gletscherkunde,’ 1885, p. 51, ff. ; 
Drygalski, ‘Gronland-Expedition,’ 1897, Bd. i, Chapter IV (Die Karajak-Eisstrome und ihr Nahrgebiet). 
|| Heim, ‘ Handbuch der Gletscherkunde,’ 1885, p. 50 ; Drygalski, ‘ Gronland-Expedition,’ 1897, Bd. i, p. 298, ff. 
If Heim, ‘ Handbuch der Gletscherkunde,’ 1885, p. 55 ; Drygalski, ‘ Gronland-Expedition,’ 1897, Bd. i, p. 298, ff. ; 
A. Geikie, ‘ Textbook of Geology,’ 4th edit., 1903, vol. i, p. 535, ff. 
