80 
II. T. FERRAR. 
level of the ice. Sometimes the cones blend with one another, and produce a series 
of ridges whose direction follows the former direction of movement. 
On rounding the north 
end of Black Island, the 
lines of cones curve west- 
ward, and are further con- 
tinued northward to the 
“ pinnacled ice ” or old ice- 
edge. Occasionally large 
boulders up to four feet in 
diameter are found, but these 
disappear and are replaced 
by great quantities of coarse 
sand (261), which is often 
blown about by wind. It 
is this sand which, by 
inducing melting, produces 
the rivulets. These give 
rise to the fantastic 
“pinnacled ice” which presents so insuperable a difficulty to the sledge-traveller. 
Re-sorted moraines were observed at Cape Adare ; the “ beach,’ from which so 
varied an assortment of pebbles has been taken, is one mass of such moraines. The 
average height of the beach is about 20 feet above the sea, but only 30 yards of the 
northern fringe has recently 
undergone modification by water. 
In detail the beach consists of 
parallel series of ridge-and-furrow 
with amplitude of about four feet. 
The ridges curve with the rock- 
wall. Sometimes the fine material 
appears stratified, but the cover- 
ing of pebbles usually hides all 
evidence of structure. The.ridges, 
which are occupied by penguins, 
flatten northward ; and the depres- 
sions which contain stagnant water 
sometimes join up and form 
large digitating ponds. At an 
elevation of more than 800 feet 
on Cape Adare are other moraines. Fl °- 46 ,-Moraine-cone op Ice-scratched Stones, on which the 
r _ Balanus Shells were found, on the floating Glacier-ice 
These cross the peninsula to the IN THE BAY BETWEEN WHITE ISLAND AND BLACK ISLAND. 
Fig. 45.— Moraines on Floating Ice at the Head of McMurdo Sound. 
