﻿HISTORY 
  OF 
  THE 
  DISEASES 
  IN 
  THE 
  UNITED 
  STATES. 
  207 
  

  

  and 
  when 
  grown 
  on 
  the 
  surface 
  of 
  solid 
  media, 
  varying 
  greatly 
  in 
  size 
  and 
  form 
  

   according 
  to 
  place 
  and 
  stage 
  of 
  development, 
  tending 
  to 
  adhere 
  in 
  long, 
  serpentine 
  

   strings 
  of 
  20 
  to 
  30 
  or 
  more 
  when 
  actively 
  dividing 
  in 
  liquids, 
  and 
  becoming 
  short 
  

   and 
  broad, 
  with 
  pale 
  center, 
  when 
  forming 
  spores 
  — 
  this 
  center 
  being 
  simply 
  the 
  

   single 
  unstained 
  spore 
  developed 
  in 
  each 
  segment 
  of 
  cell. 
  

  

  The 
  first 
  examples 
  of 
  the 
  entomophthorous 
  infection 
  certainly 
  seen 
  in 
  Illinois 
  

   since 
  1882 
  were 
  obtained 
  by 
  us 
  from 
  the 
  corn 
  fields 
  of 
  Clinton 
  county 
  September 
  

   13, 
  1888, 
  and 
  the 
  next, 
  September 
  18, 
  at 
  Albion, 
  where 
  this 
  fungous 
  disease 
  was, 
  how- 
  

   ever, 
  less 
  prevalent 
  than 
  that 
  due 
  to 
  Botrytis. 
  Its 
  possible 
  occurrence 
  in 
  the 
  Edge 
  

   wood 
  region 
  was 
  indicated 
  by 
  an 
  accidental 
  observation 
  made 
  September 
  22. 
  When 
  

   examining 
  a 
  pupa, 
  obtained 
  there 
  on 
  the 
  8th 
  of 
  August, 
  I 
  found 
  its 
  fluids 
  filled 
  with 
  

   fragments 
  of 
  the 
  entomophthorous 
  mycelium. 
  

  

  Letters 
  and 
  specimens 
  from 
  Minnesota 
  and 
  Iowa 
  show 
  the 
  extraordinary 
  preva- 
  

   lence 
  of 
  this 
  affection 
  there, 
  where 
  it 
  is 
  evidently 
  the 
  dominant 
  chinch-bug 
  disease, 
  

   — 
  a 
  condition 
  in 
  peculiar 
  contrast 
  with 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  southern 
  part 
  of 
  this 
  State, 
  where 
  

   the 
  Entomophthora 
  is 
  relatively 
  infrequent, 
  and 
  the 
  Botrytis 
  and 
  bacterial 
  diseases 
  

   are 
  the 
  prevailing 
  maladies. 
  

  

  Our 
  first 
  positive 
  observation 
  of 
  the 
  Botrytis 
  disease 
  of 
  the 
  chinch- 
  bug 
  was 
  made, 
  

   as 
  has 
  been 
  said 
  already, 
  near 
  Shattuc, 
  Clinton 
  county, 
  July 
  7, 
  1887. 
  The 
  specimens 
  

   obtained 
  were 
  not 
  critically 
  studied 
  at 
  the 
  time, 
  and 
  the 
  fungus 
  was 
  first 
  positively 
  

   recognized 
  as 
  parasitic 
  on 
  the 
  chinch-bug 
  August 
  7, 
  1888, 
  on 
  specimens 
  obtained 
  at 
  

   Flora, 
  in 
  Clay 
  county. 
  

  

  The 
  occurrence 
  of 
  this 
  disease 
  on 
  a 
  scale 
  sufficient 
  to 
  affect 
  notably 
  the 
  numbers 
  

   of 
  the 
  chinch-bug 
  was 
  first 
  observed 
  September 
  18, 
  by 
  one 
  of 
  my 
  assistants, 
  Mr. 
  

   John 
  Marten, 
  at 
  Albion, 
  Edwards 
  county. 
  The 
  insects 
  were 
  at 
  this 
  time 
  much 
  less 
  

   numerous 
  there 
  than 
  three 
  or 
  four 
  weeks 
  before; 
  in 
  some 
  neighborhoods, 
  not 
  more 
  

   than 
  one-tenth 
  as 
  common. 
  The 
  apparent 
  cause 
  of 
  this 
  decrease 
  was 
  a 
  fungous 
  dis- 
  

   ease, 
  the 
  mould-covered 
  victims 
  of 
  which 
  were 
  so 
  freely 
  sprinkled 
  beneath 
  the 
  corn 
  as 
  

   to 
  suggest 
  a 
  recent 
  flurry 
  of 
  snow. 
  On 
  one 
  measured 
  area, 
  for 
  example, 
  of 
  only 
  two 
  

   square 
  inches, 
  26 
  bugs 
  were 
  counted, 
  covered 
  with 
  the 
  fungous 
  growth 
  — 
  mostly 
  that 
  

   of 
  Botrytis. 
  Mr. 
  William 
  Over, 
  a 
  local 
  correspondent 
  of 
  the 
  office, 
  reported 
  that 
  this 
  

   affection 
  of 
  the 
  chinch-bug 
  was 
  observed 
  there 
  at 
  oats 
  harvest. 
  

  

  The 
  same 
  Botrytis 
  was 
  detected 
  in 
  chinch-bugs 
  at 
  Ashley 
  and 
  Nashville, 
  in 
  Wash- 
  

   ington 
  county, 
  September 
  18. 
  It 
  occurred 
  freely 
  in 
  our 
  breeding 
  cages, 
  where 
  living 
  

   chinch-bugs 
  were 
  kept 
  under 
  conditions 
  as 
  favorable 
  as 
  possible 
  to 
  their 
  maintenance. 
  

   The 
  rapid 
  post 
  mortem 
  development 
  of 
  the 
  fungus 
  here 
  was 
  quite 
  inexplicable 
  on 
  any 
  

   other 
  theory 
  than 
  that 
  of 
  its 
  pathogenic 
  character. 
  One 
  specimen, 
  for 
  example, 
  alive 
  

   in 
  the 
  afternoon, 
  but 
  dead 
  upon 
  the 
  bell 
  glass 
  at 
  noon 
  of 
  the 
  following 
  day, 
  was 
  al- 
  

   ready 
  completely 
  whitened 
  by 
  a 
  profuse 
  external 
  growth 
  of 
  this 
  Botrytis, 
  already 
  fruit- 
  

   ing 
  abundantly. 
  

  

  Another 
  example, 
  but 
  just 
  dead, 
  (taken 
  from 
  a 
  lot 
  of 
  chinch-bugs 
  among 
  which 
  

   this 
  Botrytis 
  affection 
  prevailed,) 
  upon 
  whose 
  surface 
  no 
  external 
  growth 
  had 
  yet 
  

   appeared, 
  was 
  seen 
  to 
  be 
  filled 
  and 
  penetrated 
  everywhere 
  with 
  a 
  rudimentary 
  and 
  

   rapidly-growing 
  mycelium 
  certainly 
  not 
  entomophthorous, 
  but 
  agreeing 
  in 
  charac- 
  

   ter 
  with 
  the 
  Botrytis 
  as 
  this 
  appears 
  within 
  the 
  insect. 
  

  

  As 
  to 
  the 
  distribution 
  of 
  this 
  fungus 
  outside 
  the 
  State, 
  I 
  have 
  no 
  knowledge 
  be- 
  

   yond 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  it 
  appeared 
  in 
  a 
  small 
  collection 
  of 
  chinch-bugs 
  received 
  from 
  

   Dr. 
  Otto 
  Lugger, 
  of 
  Minnesota, 
  October 
  25, 
  1888, 
  within 
  a 
  fortnight 
  of 
  their 
  arrival 
  

   here, 
  a 
  fact 
  which 
  may 
  be 
  explained 
  either 
  as 
  due 
  to 
  its 
  occurrence 
  in 
  Minnesota 
  or 
  

   as 
  a 
  result 
  of 
  accidental 
  infection 
  at 
  the 
  office 
  after 
  the 
  bugs 
  arrived. 
  

  

  An 
  observation 
  of 
  especial 
  interest 
  was 
  made 
  November 
  1 
  by 
  Mr. 
  Marten, 
  at 
  

  

  