﻿COCKROACHES 
  NEW 
  TO 
  UNITED 
  STATES 
  — 
  GURNEY 
  41 
  

  

  Kamme 
  (1951, 
  p. 
  34) 
  who 
  says 
  that 
  Dr. 
  K. 
  Princis 
  of 
  Lund, 
  Sweden, 
  

   informed 
  him 
  that 
  livida 
  Fabricius 
  was 
  preoccupied 
  and 
  that 
  Turton 
  

   proposed 
  livens 
  on 
  page 
  526, 
  vol. 
  2, 
  of 
  his 
  1806 
  edition 
  of 
  Linne's 
  Sys- 
  

   tema 
  Naturae. 
  Turton 
  published 
  two 
  editions 
  of 
  an 
  English 
  transla- 
  

   tion 
  of 
  the 
  thirteenth 
  (Gmelin) 
  edition 
  of 
  this 
  work. 
  These 
  editions 
  

   are 
  listed 
  in 
  the 
  1903-1915 
  Catalogue 
  of 
  the 
  Books, 
  Manuscripts, 
  Maps 
  

   and 
  Drawings 
  in 
  the 
  British 
  Museum 
  (Natural 
  History) 
  (vol. 
  3, 
  1910, 
  

   p. 
  1128). 
  I 
  have 
  verified 
  their 
  dates 
  and 
  contents 
  by 
  an 
  examination 
  

   of 
  the 
  entire 
  7-volume 
  1806 
  edition 
  in 
  the 
  Library 
  of 
  Congress 
  and 
  of 
  

   volume 
  2 
  of 
  the 
  4-volume 
  first 
  edition 
  in 
  the 
  library 
  of 
  the 
  U. 
  S. 
  Na- 
  

   tional 
  Museum. 
  The 
  first 
  Turton 
  edition 
  appeared 
  from 
  1800 
  to 
  1802. 
  

   Volume 
  2, 
  containing 
  the 
  genus 
  Blatta^ 
  is 
  dated 
  1800 
  and 
  is 
  reasonably 
  

   sure 
  to 
  have 
  appeared 
  no 
  later 
  than 
  1802. 
  The 
  second 
  Turton 
  edition 
  

   appeared 
  in 
  1806, 
  the 
  first 
  4 
  volumes 
  being 
  re-issues 
  of 
  the 
  former 
  

   edition 
  with 
  slight 
  changes 
  of 
  the 
  title 
  pages. 
  On 
  the 
  page 
  indicated 
  

   by 
  Ramme 
  (p. 
  526) 
  Forftcula 
  livida^ 
  an 
  earwig, 
  is 
  treated. 
  

  

  Prior 
  to 
  Ramme's 
  monograph, 
  the 
  identities 
  of 
  the 
  British 
  species 
  of 
  

   Ectohius 
  were 
  confused. 
  Thus 
  the 
  species 
  treated 
  by 
  Lucas 
  (1920, 
  p. 
  

   78) 
  as 
  pers-picillaris 
  Herbst 
  is 
  in 
  reality 
  livens. 
  This 
  has 
  been 
  clarified 
  

   by 
  Blair 
  (1934, 
  1935). 
  Princis 
  (1936) 
  has 
  explained 
  that 
  a 
  Lapland 
  

   record 
  of 
  lividus 
  (i. 
  e., 
  livens) 
  actually 
  was 
  based 
  on 
  material 
  of 
  

   lapponicus 
  (Limiaeus). 
  Hebard 
  (1943, 
  p. 
  12) 
  states 
  that 
  Australian 
  

   records 
  of 
  lividus 
  are 
  incorrect. 
  Taxonomists 
  now 
  differentiate 
  the 
  

   species 
  of 
  Ectobius 
  on 
  rather 
  minute 
  characters, 
  especially 
  on 
  the 
  basis 
  

   of 
  the 
  dorsal 
  abdominal 
  gland 
  and 
  genitalia 
  of 
  males. 
  Ramme 
  ( 
  1949 
  ) 
  

   has 
  described 
  E. 
  siculus 
  from 
  Sicily, 
  differing 
  from 
  livens 
  in 
  having 
  

   black 
  legs 
  and 
  antennae. 
  E. 
  finoti 
  Chopard 
  of 
  Algeria 
  (see 
  Chopard, 
  

   1943, 
  p. 
  21) 
  is 
  much 
  like 
  livens, 
  having 
  the 
  small 
  tegminal 
  spots 
  between 
  

   the 
  veins 
  and 
  with 
  the 
  dorsal 
  gland 
  bearing 
  a 
  rounded 
  tubercle. 
  The 
  

   genus 
  EctoMus 
  (genotype: 
  lappoQiicns) 
  in 
  a 
  modern 
  sense 
  is 
  much 
  

   more 
  restricted 
  than 
  formerly. 
  In 
  the 
  older 
  literature, 
  species 
  of 
  

   EctoMus 
  were 
  reported 
  from 
  many 
  parts 
  of 
  the 
  world. 
  Certain 
  of 
  

   these 
  are 
  now 
  known 
  to 
  belong 
  to 
  other 
  genera. 
  For 
  instance, 
  many 
  

   years 
  ago 
  several 
  Nearctic 
  roaches 
  were 
  referred 
  to 
  Ectobius. 
  Rehn 
  

   (1931, 
  pp. 
  306-374) 
  and 
  Hebard 
  (1943) 
  have 
  discussed 
  the 
  generic 
  

   limits 
  of 
  Ectobius: 
  Rehn 
  (p. 
  308) 
  has 
  explained 
  the 
  nature 
  of 
  the 
  

   toothed 
  tarsal 
  claws 
  ; 
  the 
  teeth 
  were 
  evidently 
  overlooked 
  by 
  Hebard 
  

   (p. 
  12). 
  

  

  Recognition 
  features. 
  — 
  The 
  most 
  important 
  features 
  enabling 
  rec- 
  

   ognition 
  of 
  Ectobius 
  livens 
  are: 
  (1) 
  Small 
  size, 
  over-all 
  length 
  about 
  

   8 
  to 
  9 
  millimeters 
  ; 
  (2) 
  small, 
  dark 
  spots 
  on 
  the 
  veins 
  of 
  the 
  front 
  wing 
  

   (tegmen) 
  ; 
  (3) 
  conspicuous 
  intercalated 
  triangle 
  at 
  apex 
  of 
  wing 
  (itr, 
  

   fig. 
  10, 
  b) 
  ', 
  (4) 
  claws 
  of 
  unequal 
  length, 
  the 
  posterior 
  claw 
  of 
  each 
  

   pair 
  much 
  longer 
  than 
  anterior 
  one; 
  (5) 
  in 
  males 
  the 
  characteristic 
  

   shape 
  of 
  the 
  dorsal 
  abdominal 
  glandular 
  depression 
  and 
  the 
  sub- 
  

  

  