﻿44 
  PROCEEDINGS 
  OF 
  THE 
  NATIONAL 
  MUSEUIVI 
  vol. 
  io3 
  

  

  neotype 
  from 
  Montpellier 
  in 
  southern 
  France. 
  Two 
  varieties 
  of 
  

   livens 
  have 
  been 
  recognized, 
  chopardi 
  Adelung 
  described 
  from 
  France 
  

   in 
  1916, 
  and 
  minor 
  Kamme 
  described 
  from 
  the 
  Island 
  of 
  Elba 
  in 
  1923. 
  

   These 
  varieties 
  are 
  based 
  primarily 
  on 
  the 
  amount 
  of 
  dark 
  color 
  on 
  

   the 
  lower 
  surface 
  of 
  the 
  abdomen, 
  minor 
  being 
  quite 
  dark 
  except 
  near 
  

   the 
  lateral 
  margins, 
  only 
  the 
  submarginal 
  dark 
  spots 
  being 
  well 
  de- 
  

   veloped 
  in 
  chopardi^ 
  and 
  the 
  submarginal 
  spots 
  being 
  poorly 
  or 
  moder- 
  

   ately 
  developed 
  in 
  typical 
  livens. 
  The 
  species 
  of 
  Ectohius 
  are 
  well 
  

   known 
  for 
  color 
  variation, 
  the 
  color 
  of 
  tegmina 
  and 
  abdomen 
  often 
  

   being 
  recessive 
  (pale) 
  or 
  intensive 
  (dark). 
  In 
  view 
  of 
  this 
  situation, 
  

   it 
  remains 
  to 
  be 
  proved 
  whether 
  chopardi 
  and 
  minor 
  are 
  valid 
  sub- 
  

   species 
  or 
  if 
  they 
  are 
  forms 
  without 
  real 
  significance. 
  The 
  center 
  of 
  

   distribution 
  for 
  the 
  genus 
  Ectohius^ 
  as 
  outlined 
  by 
  Rehn 
  (1931, 
  pp. 
  

   314—318), 
  was 
  apparently 
  the 
  Mediterranean 
  Basin, 
  with 
  a 
  secondary 
  

   center 
  developed 
  in 
  Africa 
  south 
  of 
  the 
  Sahara 
  Desert. 
  

  

  Biology. 
  — 
  The 
  original 
  Massachusetts 
  specimens 
  of 
  Ecto'hius 
  livens 
  

   examined 
  consist 
  of 
  2 
  males, 
  16 
  females, 
  9 
  nymphs, 
  and 
  2 
  oothecae. 
  

   The 
  males 
  were 
  taken 
  June 
  21, 
  1948, 
  and 
  the 
  other 
  specimens 
  in 
  late 
  

   August 
  and 
  September 
  1950.^ 
  It 
  may 
  be 
  significant 
  that 
  males 
  were 
  

   found 
  only 
  in 
  the 
  spring 
  and 
  early 
  summer. 
  Lucas 
  (1928) 
  reported 
  

   that 
  in 
  England 
  males 
  of 
  E. 
  lapponicus 
  disappeared 
  about 
  midsum- 
  

   mer, 
  the 
  females 
  persisting 
  longer 
  than 
  males, 
  and 
  nymphs 
  appearing 
  

   in 
  late 
  summer 
  and 
  fall 
  preparatory 
  to 
  hibernation. 
  No 
  detailed 
  

   life 
  history 
  studies 
  of 
  livens 
  in 
  Europe 
  have 
  come 
  to 
  my 
  attention. 
  

   Brown 
  (1952) 
  has 
  reported 
  observations 
  on 
  the 
  related 
  E. 
  panzeri 
  

   Stephens 
  in 
  England, 
  which 
  occurs 
  there 
  mainly 
  on 
  sand 
  dunes 
  near 
  

   the 
  coast. 
  Adults 
  die 
  in 
  the 
  fall, 
  the 
  males 
  disappearing 
  first, 
  but 
  

   nymphs 
  overwinter 
  and 
  do 
  not 
  reach 
  full 
  maturity 
  until 
  early 
  August 
  

   of 
  the 
  following 
  year. 
  

  

  The 
  Falmouth 
  collections 
  were 
  made 
  on 
  a 
  farm 
  located 
  beside 
  a 
  

   small 
  salt 
  river 
  about 
  a 
  mile 
  from 
  the 
  shore. 
  Mr. 
  Flint 
  found 
  speci- 
  

   mens 
  in 
  a 
  large 
  variety 
  of 
  situations, 
  specimens 
  occurring 
  most 
  con- 
  

   sistently 
  beneath 
  loose 
  lichens 
  on 
  oak 
  trees, 
  and 
  crawling 
  on 
  trees 
  and 
  

   houses 
  at 
  night 
  — 
  the 
  latter 
  in 
  the 
  vicinity 
  of 
  lights. 
  Some 
  were 
  

   found 
  under 
  baskets, 
  in 
  buckets, 
  or 
  on 
  Swiss 
  chard 
  and 
  other 
  vege- 
  

   tables, 
  or 
  were 
  taken 
  by 
  general 
  sweeping 
  (see 
  Flint, 
  1951). 
  

  

  In 
  England 
  E. 
  livens 
  occurs 
  only 
  in 
  the 
  extreme 
  southern 
  counties 
  — 
  

   there 
  found 
  on 
  trees, 
  among 
  bracken 
  ferns, 
  under 
  dead 
  leaves, 
  and 
  

   flying 
  actively 
  in 
  hot 
  sunshine 
  (Lucas, 
  1920, 
  p. 
  80; 
  Burr, 
  1936, 
  p. 
  44). 
  

   Chopard 
  ( 
  1947, 
  p. 
  37) 
  says 
  livens 
  is 
  very 
  common 
  in 
  the 
  French 
  woods, 
  

   and 
  he 
  gives 
  a 
  colored 
  illustration 
  (pi. 
  2, 
  fig. 
  28) 
  . 
  

  

  ■* 
  AU 
  of 
  this 
  material 
  was 
  collected 
  by 
  Oliver 
  S. 
  Flint, 
  Jr., 
  a 
  student 
  at 
  the 
  University 
  

   of 
  Massachusetts. 
  I 
  am 
  much 
  indebted 
  to 
  Mr. 
  Flint 
  for 
  the 
  enthusiasm, 
  with 
  which 
  he 
  

   sought 
  additional 
  material 
  once 
  the 
  character 
  of 
  his 
  Initial 
  captures 
  was 
  pointed 
  out 
  to 
  

   him, 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  for 
  his 
  diligence 
  in 
  seeking 
  clues 
  to 
  the 
  origin 
  of 
  the 
  introduction. 
  

  

  