﻿COCKROACHES 
  NEW 
  TO 
  UNITED 
  STATES 
  — 
  GURNEY 
  49 
  

  

  Measurements 
  (in 
  millimeters) 
  : 
  Overall 
  body 
  length, 
  including 
  

   folded 
  tegmina, 
  female 
  45 
  to 
  53, 
  male 
  38 
  to 
  45 
  ; 
  pronotum, 
  female 
  9 
  to 
  

   10.3, 
  male 
  7.5 
  to 
  8.5 
  ; 
  tegmen, 
  female 
  37 
  to 
  46, 
  male 
  32 
  to 
  38.5. 
  Width 
  

   of 
  pronotum, 
  female 
  13.3 
  to 
  16, 
  male 
  11.5 
  to 
  14. 
  

  

  Nymphs: 
  Nymphs 
  (pi. 
  2, 
  fig. 
  2) 
  ranging 
  from 
  7.5 
  to 
  32 
  millimeters 
  

   in 
  body 
  length 
  have 
  been 
  examined. 
  The 
  dorsal 
  surface 
  of 
  the 
  thorax 
  

   and 
  abdomen 
  is 
  sharply 
  rugose, 
  with 
  short, 
  microscopic 
  spines, 
  these 
  

   especially 
  conspicuous 
  along 
  the 
  posterior 
  margins 
  of 
  segments; 
  

   much 
  smaller 
  and 
  less 
  evident 
  spines 
  on 
  ventral 
  surface 
  of 
  abdomen. 
  

   General 
  color 
  reddish 
  brown 
  ; 
  each 
  tergum 
  with 
  a 
  submarginal 
  dark 
  

   spot 
  near 
  the 
  base, 
  the 
  basal 
  half 
  of 
  the 
  exposed 
  lateral 
  margin 
  black- 
  

   ish 
  and 
  the 
  apical 
  third 
  yellowish. 
  

  

  Distnhution. 
  — 
  In 
  the 
  United 
  States 
  Leucophaea 
  maderae 
  is 
  known 
  

   to 
  be 
  established 
  only 
  in 
  the 
  Harlem 
  section 
  of 
  New 
  York 
  City.*' 
  Many 
  

   times 
  each 
  year 
  inspections 
  made 
  at 
  shipping 
  centers 
  detect 
  the 
  species 
  

   with 
  plant 
  products 
  and 
  other 
  articles 
  coming 
  both 
  from 
  the 
  American 
  

   Tropics 
  and 
  the 
  Old 
  World. 
  The 
  distribution 
  of 
  maderae 
  in 
  warm 
  

   countries 
  is 
  very 
  wide, 
  but 
  somewhat 
  irregular, 
  depending 
  upon 
  the 
  

   vagaries 
  of 
  commerce. 
  The 
  specific 
  and 
  the 
  common 
  names 
  are 
  de- 
  

   rived 
  from 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  this 
  roach 
  was 
  first 
  described 
  from 
  Madeira, 
  

   a 
  small 
  island 
  now 
  belonging 
  to 
  Portugal 
  and 
  located 
  in 
  the 
  Atlantic 
  

   Ocean 
  about 
  400 
  miles 
  west 
  of 
  Morocco. 
  Eehn 
  ( 
  1937, 
  pp. 
  56-58 
  ; 
  1945, 
  

   p. 
  273) 
  has 
  reasoned 
  (by 
  a 
  detailed 
  analysis 
  of 
  the 
  present 
  occurrence 
  

   of 
  Tnaderae 
  and 
  its 
  congeners) 
  that 
  West 
  Africa 
  is 
  the 
  native 
  home, 
  

   from 
  which 
  commerce 
  (in 
  early 
  centuries 
  — 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  slave 
  trade 
  in 
  

   particular) 
  has 
  carried 
  it 
  to 
  Madeira, 
  the 
  West 
  Indies, 
  Brazil, 
  and 
  

   elsewhere. 
  Ecuador, 
  Colombia, 
  Venezuela, 
  the 
  Guianas, 
  Brazil, 
  and 
  

   Argentina 
  are 
  known 
  to 
  have 
  established 
  colonies 
  of 
  maderae^ 
  as 
  well 
  

   as 
  Panama, 
  Costa 
  Rica, 
  and 
  most 
  of 
  the 
  West 
  Indian 
  islands. 
  Old 
  

   World 
  distribution 
  outside 
  of 
  Africa 
  is 
  more 
  spotty 
  and, 
  to 
  my 
  knowl- 
  

   edge, 
  the 
  species 
  is 
  not 
  yet 
  recorded 
  from 
  India 
  or 
  Australia 
  — 
  even 
  

   though 
  it 
  is 
  known 
  from 
  Java, 
  the 
  Philippines, 
  Hawaii, 
  and 
  Fiji. 
  

   Doubtless, 
  7naderae 
  now 
  breeds 
  in 
  manj^^ 
  coastal 
  areas 
  from 
  which 
  

   there 
  are 
  no 
  records 
  and 
  it 
  will 
  continue 
  to 
  spread 
  as 
  conditions 
  permit. 
  

  

  Biology. 
  — 
  In 
  New 
  York 
  City 
  Leucophaea 
  maderae 
  has 
  been 
  "found 
  

   in 
  some 
  abundance 
  in 
  the 
  basement 
  of 
  an 
  apartment 
  of 
  the 
  Harlem 
  

   section," 
  and 
  an 
  observer 
  also 
  writes 
  ^ 
  "From 
  their 
  abundance 
  and 
  the 
  

   presence 
  of 
  all 
  stages 
  of 
  the 
  insect 
  .... 
  I 
  would 
  conclude 
  that 
  they 
  

  

  •Davis 
  (1940) 
  reported 
  at 
  a 
  meeting 
  held 
  December 
  15, 
  1938, 
  that 
  a 
  specimen 
  of 
  

   L. 
  maderae 
  taicen 
  in 
  the 
  Bird 
  House 
  of 
  Bronx 
  Park, 
  New 
  York 
  City, 
  was 
  the 
  first 
  record 
  

   of 
  tliis 
  species 
  in 
  New 
  York 
  State. 
  In 
  the 
  absence 
  of 
  further 
  information, 
  there 
  is 
  a 
  strong 
  

   likeliliood 
  that 
  the 
  specimen 
  in 
  question 
  was 
  an 
  escaped 
  adventive. 
  

  

  ' 
  Specimens 
  from 
  the 
  described 
  infestation 
  were 
  submitted 
  by 
  Ralph 
  E. 
  Heal. 
  Technical 
  

   Director 
  of 
  the 
  National 
  Pest 
  Control 
  Association. 
  Grateful 
  acknowledgment 
  is 
  made 
  of 
  

   Dr. 
  Heal's 
  cooperation 
  in 
  obtaining 
  information 
  on 
  the 
  Harlem 
  Infestation. 
  

  

  