﻿COCKROACHES 
  NEW 
  TO 
  UNITED 
  STATES 
  — 
  GURNEY 
  51 
  

  

  which 
  may 
  be 
  carried 
  protruding 
  from 
  the 
  body 
  for 
  some 
  time 
  prior 
  

   to 
  hatching, 
  or 
  be 
  deposited 
  loosely 
  or 
  surrounded 
  with 
  a 
  matrix. 
  

  

  The 
  viviparity 
  exhibited 
  generally 
  takes 
  a 
  special 
  form 
  known 
  as 
  

   ovoviviparity. 
  This 
  occurs 
  in 
  several 
  well-known 
  genera, 
  especially 
  

   Panchlora^ 
  Pycnoscelus^ 
  Nauphoeta^ 
  and 
  Leucophaea^ 
  and 
  Chopard 
  

   (1938, 
  p. 
  218) 
  notes 
  six 
  subfamilies 
  of 
  roaches 
  (according 
  to 
  the 
  long- 
  

   used 
  classification) 
  in 
  which 
  viviparity 
  occurs. 
  J. 
  W. 
  H. 
  Rehn 
  (1951)' 
  

   has 
  recently 
  proposed 
  a 
  new 
  classification, 
  based 
  on 
  wings, 
  and 
  it 
  is 
  

   significant 
  that 
  many 
  of 
  the 
  viviparous 
  genera 
  fall 
  in 
  what 
  he 
  terms 
  

   the 
  epilamproid 
  complex. 
  In 
  addition 
  to 
  Chopard, 
  Shelf 
  ord 
  (1907), 
  

   Karny 
  (1924, 
  pp. 
  3-10), 
  and 
  Rau 
  (1941) 
  have 
  discussed 
  viviparity 
  

   among 
  roaches. 
  Hagan 
  (1941; 
  1951) 
  has 
  described 
  the 
  female 
  re- 
  

   productive 
  system 
  of 
  the 
  viviparous 
  Diploptera^ 
  and 
  Chopard 
  (1950), 
  

   that 
  of 
  Gromphadorhina. 
  

  

  lUingworth 
  and 
  Sein 
  both 
  recognized 
  that 
  Leucophaea 
  maderae 
  is 
  

   viviparous, 
  but 
  it 
  appears 
  that 
  Pessoa 
  and 
  Correa 
  observed 
  unusual 
  

   or 
  abnormal 
  instances 
  of 
  the 
  Qgg 
  sac 
  being 
  deposited, 
  as 
  they 
  wrote 
  of 
  

   a 
  capsule 
  being 
  placed 
  in 
  the 
  darkest 
  corner 
  of 
  a 
  rearing 
  box 
  and 
  the 
  

   first 
  young 
  appearing 
  20 
  days 
  later. 
  In 
  the 
  following 
  paragraphs 
  I 
  

   have 
  attempted 
  to 
  explain 
  this 
  apparent 
  lack 
  of 
  agreement. 
  

  

  Several 
  preserved 
  adult 
  females 
  of 
  L. 
  maderae 
  received 
  for 
  identifi- 
  

   cation 
  during 
  recent 
  years 
  have 
  exhibited 
  an 
  elongate 
  sac 
  about 
  20 
  

   millimeters 
  long 
  protruding 
  from 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  the 
  abdomen. 
  In 
  cer- 
  

   tain 
  cases 
  the 
  eggs 
  (varying 
  up 
  to 
  about 
  40 
  in 
  number), 
  directed 
  

   transversely 
  with 
  respect 
  to 
  the 
  mother's 
  body 
  and 
  arranged 
  in 
  two 
  

   rows, 
  were 
  undeveloped, 
  but 
  in 
  others 
  nymphs 
  ready 
  for 
  hatching 
  were 
  

   visible 
  — 
  in 
  fact, 
  rupturing 
  of 
  the 
  sac 
  had 
  sometimes 
  occurred. 
  Rehn 
  

   (1937, 
  p. 
  62) 
  has 
  described 
  his 
  experience 
  in 
  the 
  Belgian 
  Congo 
  with 
  

   the 
  related 
  L. 
  grandis 
  (Saussure) 
  . 
  A 
  female 
  confined 
  in 
  a 
  bottle 
  gave 
  

   birth 
  to 
  20 
  living 
  young. 
  The 
  number 
  of 
  young 
  of 
  tnaderae 
  produced 
  

   at 
  one 
  time, 
  according 
  to 
  published 
  records, 
  ranges 
  from 
  25 
  to 
  32. 
  

  

  The 
  related 
  Pycnoscelus 
  surinamensis 
  (Linnaeus) 
  is 
  known 
  to 
  be 
  

   viviparous, 
  but 
  the 
  literature 
  concerning 
  its 
  habits 
  suggests 
  a 
  lack 
  of 
  

   uniformity 
  in 
  birth 
  or 
  hatching. 
  Watson 
  (1929, 
  p. 
  58) 
  commented 
  on 
  

   an 
  egg 
  capsule 
  being 
  deposited 
  but 
  the 
  eggs 
  failing 
  to 
  hatch. 
  Caudell 
  

   (1925) 
  also 
  maintained 
  cultures 
  of 
  P. 
  surinamensis, 
  and 
  mentioned 
  

   young 
  born 
  alive 
  and 
  oothecae 
  seldom 
  if 
  ever 
  protruding 
  from 
  the 
  

   female 
  abdomen. 
  In 
  a 
  somewhat 
  fuller 
  account, 
  Zappe 
  (1918) 
  gave 
  

   the 
  opinion 
  that 
  young 
  of 
  surinamensis 
  are 
  either 
  born 
  alive 
  or 
  hatch 
  

   from 
  eggs 
  within 
  24 
  hours. 
  Eggs 
  were 
  often 
  laid 
  in 
  soil, 
  but 
  were 
  not 
  

   observed 
  to 
  hatch. 
  When 
  females 
  were 
  injured 
  or 
  excited, 
  they 
  often 
  

   deposited 
  poorly 
  developed 
  egg 
  masses 
  that 
  did 
  not 
  hatch. 
  Similarly, 
  

   lUingworth 
  (1942) 
  reported 
  that 
  the 
  eggs 
  of 
  Nauphoeta 
  cinerea 
  were 
  

   usually 
  kept 
  in 
  the 
  body 
  until 
  living 
  young 
  appeared, 
  but 
  that 
  confined 
  

   individuals 
  sometimes 
  produced 
  aborted 
  egg 
  masses 
  that 
  were 
  ex- 
  

  

  