﻿COCKROACHES 
  NEW 
  TO 
  UNITED 
  STATES 
  — 
  GURNEY 
  53 
  

  

  each 
  other, 
  nonpubescent, 
  and 
  are 
  finely 
  rugose 
  so 
  as 
  to 
  make 
  stridula- 
  

   tion 
  possible. 
  

  

  In 
  tropical 
  regions 
  where 
  it 
  is 
  established, 
  Z. 
  maderae 
  is 
  definitely 
  a 
  

   domiciliary 
  species, 
  though, 
  like 
  certain 
  other 
  roaches 
  often 
  associated 
  

   with 
  man, 
  it 
  is 
  capable 
  of 
  living 
  apart 
  from 
  him 
  in 
  a 
  purely 
  wild 
  state. 
  

   From 
  available 
  records, 
  however, 
  it 
  is 
  not 
  clear 
  how 
  frequently 
  it 
  has 
  

   been 
  collected 
  entirely 
  unassociated 
  with 
  man-made 
  surroundings. 
  

   According 
  to 
  Alfken 
  (1904, 
  p. 
  565) 
  more 
  than 
  50 
  years 
  ago 
  a 
  German 
  

   collector, 
  H. 
  Schauinsland, 
  in 
  1896 
  or 
  1897 
  found 
  mfiderae 
  in 
  native 
  

   huts 
  on 
  the 
  Hawaiian 
  Island 
  of 
  Molokai, 
  commerce 
  already 
  having 
  

   carried 
  it 
  to 
  certain 
  Pacific 
  areas. 
  However, 
  in 
  spite 
  of 
  this 
  long 
  estab- 
  

   lishment 
  in 
  the 
  Hawaiian 
  group, 
  no 
  mention 
  of 
  its 
  occurrence 
  in 
  fields 
  

   is 
  made 
  by 
  Williams 
  ( 
  1931 
  ) 
  . 
  In 
  July 
  1950, 
  in 
  the 
  Venezuelan 
  State 
  of 
  

   Aragua, 
  Dr. 
  Ernst 
  Schwarz 
  ^ 
  collected 
  it 
  coming 
  to 
  lights 
  in 
  fair 
  num- 
  

   bers, 
  but 
  whether 
  it 
  was 
  breeding 
  in 
  the 
  adjacent 
  forest 
  or 
  associated 
  

   with 
  nearby 
  habitations 
  is 
  not 
  known. 
  Likewise, 
  specimens 
  collected 
  

   by 
  the 
  late 
  C. 
  F. 
  Baker 
  in 
  the 
  Philippines 
  before 
  1927 
  bear 
  the 
  collect- 
  

   ing 
  label 
  "Mt. 
  Maquiling," 
  and 
  they 
  may 
  have 
  bred 
  under 
  entirely 
  nat- 
  

   ural 
  surroundings. 
  However, 
  as 
  I 
  saw 
  during 
  my 
  visit 
  to 
  Mt. 
  Maquil- 
  

   ing 
  in 
  1945, 
  at 
  the 
  base 
  and 
  on 
  the 
  lower 
  slopes 
  there 
  are 
  ample 
  oppor- 
  

   tunities 
  for 
  this 
  roach 
  to 
  remain 
  associated 
  with 
  man. 
  The 
  species 
  

   frequently 
  flies 
  actively 
  and 
  has 
  often 
  been 
  taken 
  at 
  lights, 
  including 
  

   those 
  on 
  porches, 
  in 
  field 
  camps, 
  or 
  of 
  automobiles. 
  On 
  the 
  other 
  hand, 
  

   Sein 
  states 
  that 
  Leucophaea 
  maderae 
  does 
  not 
  fly 
  much 
  when 
  indoors 
  

   at 
  night 
  as 
  part 
  of 
  an 
  infestation. 
  L. 
  puerilis 
  Rehn, 
  considered 
  its 
  

   closest 
  relative, 
  is 
  a 
  strictly 
  endemic, 
  forest 
  type 
  in 
  West 
  Africa. 
  

  

  Source 
  of 
  introduction. 
  — 
  The 
  New 
  York 
  City 
  infestation 
  is 
  reported 
  

   to 
  be 
  localized 
  in 
  apartment 
  buildings 
  occupied 
  by 
  people 
  from 
  Puerto 
  

   Rico 
  and, 
  since 
  there 
  has 
  been 
  a 
  good 
  deal 
  of 
  movement 
  — 
  much 
  of 
  it 
  

   by 
  air 
  — 
  from 
  that 
  island 
  in 
  the 
  past 
  few 
  years, 
  there 
  is 
  little 
  doubt 
  that 
  

   Puerto 
  Rico 
  is 
  the 
  source 
  of 
  the 
  infestation. 
  

  

  Probable 
  importance. 
  — 
  In 
  Puerto 
  Rico 
  the 
  Madeira 
  roach 
  most 
  often 
  

   occurs 
  in 
  fruit 
  stores 
  and 
  markets. 
  It 
  is 
  especially 
  fond 
  of 
  grapes. 
  It 
  

   is 
  considered 
  very 
  gregarious 
  and 
  develops 
  large, 
  localized 
  colonies. 
  

   Wolcott 
  (1950, 
  p. 
  43) 
  records 
  about 
  a 
  bushel 
  having 
  been 
  swept 
  from 
  

   one 
  store. 
  Warehouses 
  and 
  other 
  buildings 
  are 
  often 
  infested. 
  When 
  

   handled 
  or 
  otherwise 
  disturbed, 
  Leucophaea 
  maderae 
  produces 
  an 
  odor 
  

   described 
  as 
  especially 
  offensive. 
  Houses 
  infested 
  by 
  the 
  species 
  usu- 
  

   ally 
  do 
  not 
  contain 
  Periplaneta 
  or 
  Blattella. 
  There 
  is 
  a 
  strong 
  possi- 
  

   bility 
  that 
  maderae., 
  if 
  allowed 
  to 
  spread, 
  will 
  gradually 
  develop 
  into 
  a 
  

   serious 
  pest 
  in 
  our 
  larger 
  cities. 
  In 
  the 
  light 
  of 
  its 
  wide 
  occurrence 
  in 
  

   the 
  Bahamas 
  and 
  other 
  West 
  Indian 
  islands, 
  tropical 
  Florida 
  would 
  

   probably 
  be 
  a 
  suitable 
  habitat, 
  either 
  outdoors 
  or 
  in 
  buildings 
  without 
  

   central 
  heating. 
  

  

  « 
  Associated 
  with 
  the 
  Venezuela 
  Plague 
  Mission 
  (Commander 
  J. 
  M. 
  Amberson, 
  D.S.N., 
  

   Dr. 
  Ernst 
  Schwarz, 
  and 
  Mrs. 
  Schwarz). 
  

  

  