FAMILY FRINGILLID^. 



43 



n 



f Bill enormous, width at base over 10 mm. 

 Bill less large, width at base mider 10 mm. 



Coccothrausies, p. 44 



Cuttiiig-edges of mandibles straight and coter- 

 minous, mandibular angle at chin very slightly 

 indicated 4 



Cutting-edges of mandibles incurved, often leaving 

 visible gap in outlines of closed bill ; mandibular 

 angle at chin acute 12 



ICulmen curved, bill short and stout .... 5 

 Culmen nearly or qviite straight, bill more elongated 

 and pointed 8 



I Larger, wing over 100 mm. ; bill more than half as 

 long as head 

 Smaller, wing under 100 mm. ; bill not more than 

 half length of head 6 



r Very small, wing under 80 mm. ; yellow in plumage 



of adult 



C 

 1 Larger, wing about 80 mm., or more ; no yellow in 



^ plumage of adult 7 



Pinicola, p. 81 



Serinus, p. 71 



( First visible primary longest Garpodacus, p. 78 



I First visible primary shorter than second . . . Pyrrhvla, p. 74 



( BiU very stout ; green in plumage Chloris, p. 47 



(Bill not so stout ; no green in plumage ... 9 



( Gonys (lower outline of under mandible) straight 10 



I Gonys convex Passer, p. 100 



10 



Larger, wing over 100 mm. ; lateral tail-feathers 



almost entirely white Montifringilla, p. 98 



Smaller, wing under 100 mm. ; lateral tail-feathers 

 only partially, if at all, wliite 11 



^ Tail over 60 mm Fringilla, p. 91 



i Tail under 60 mm Carduelis, p. 50 



Wings very long, 4th (3rd visible) primary much 

 shorter than I'nd ; longest primaries exceeding 

 shorter secondaries by twice length of tarsus, falling 

 short of tail by not more than length of tarsus : Plectrophenax, p. 140 



Wings not so long, 4th primary little, if at all, 

 shorter than '2nd ; longest primaries exceeding 

 shortest secondaries by less than twice length of 

 tarsus, falling short of tail by much more than 

 length of tarsus 13 



f Hind claw curved, shorter than hind toe . . . Emberiza, p. 106 



13 I Hind claw slightly arched or nearly straight, nearly 



[ equal to or longer than hind toe .... Calcarius, p. 136 



12^ 



