THE HAWFINCH. 45 



webs, inner greater coverts rufous-brown ; median coverts white 

 with black bases ; lesser coverts black-brown. This plumage is 

 acquired by complete moult ia August and September. Summer. — 

 No moult and scarcely any change by abrasion, but forepart of 

 crown becomes rather paler. 



Adult female. Winter and summer. — ^Like male but paler and 

 less rufous ; black of fore-head and lores much reduced ; crown, 

 rump, upper tail-coverts especially paler and more greyish-broAvn ; 

 sides of head and under-parts also considerably paler and more 

 greyish ; tail not so \A'hite at tip ; primaries m itli distal half of 

 outer \vebs grey-broAAU ; secondaries with outer \\-ebs fringed grey 

 instead of glossy purple. 



Nestling. — Down, white, long, and plentiful ; distribution, 

 inner supra -orbital, occipital, humeral, spinal, ulnar, femoral, 

 ventral, and crural. Mouth, inside violet-pink, no tongue-spots ; 

 externally, flanges yellowish-orange and whitish at angles (C. B. 

 Ticehurst, Brit. B., ii, p. 192). 



Juvenile (Plate 2). Male. — ^Very narrow line of black round 

 base of bill ; head and nape greenish-brown ; hind-neck greyer ; 

 mantle sepia ; rump buff ; upper tail-coverts bro\An ; whole upper- 

 parts faintly mottled black ; chm and throat pale bufiish-yellow ; 

 rest of under-parts pale buff, breast mottled brown, flanks and sides 

 barred bro^An-black, centre of belly, vent, and under tail-coverts 

 pale buff' ; axillaries A\'hite ; tail and wing-feathers as adult ; greater 

 and median coverts rather paler and more huffish than adult. 

 Female. — Like male but with no black round bill and whiter (less 

 buff) under-parts, and primaries and secondaries fringed grey- 

 brown and grey as in adult female. 



First ivinter and summer. Male and female. — ^Like adults but 

 primarj'--co verts apparently not so glossy. The juvemle body- 

 feathers and wing-coverts are moulted in August but not primary- 

 coverts, remiges or rectrices. 



Measurements and strticture. — ^ wing 100-106 mm., tail 47-53, 

 tarsus 18-20, bill from feathers 18-20 (14 measured). $ A\dng 97-106. 

 Primaries : 1st minute and hidden, 3rd and 4th usually equal 

 and longest, 2nd usually 1-2 mm. shorter, 5th 2-5 shorter, 6th 

 13-16 shorter ; 3rd to 5th emarginated outer webs ; 6th to 

 9th notched and curled at tip. Secondaries about equal 10th 

 primary, square at tip and slightly notched. Tail almost 

 square ; upper tail-coverts within 10 mm. of tip of tail, under 

 coverts shghtly shorter. Bill extremely deep and broad. Oblong 

 horny pad on palate and two " bosses " below in lower jaw 

 (W. P. Pycraft, Brit. B., i, p. 152). Small rictal and nasal 

 bristles. 



Soft parts. — Bill lead-blue, blackish at tip and yellomsh under 

 lower mandible (summer), yellowish -horn Avith dark brown tip 

 (winter and juvenile) ; legs and feet browTiish-flesh ; iris greyish- 

 white. 



