THE SCARLET GROSBEAK. 79 



bright rosy-carmine ; rest of breast and sides of belly whitish, 

 tinged varying amount of pink ; centre of belly, vent, and mider 

 tail-coverts white ; flanks tinged pale buff with faint dark streaks ; 

 axillaries pale buff, tinged pink ; tail- and wing-feathers dark 

 bro\Mi, fringed on outer webs pink or pinkish-buff ; greater and 

 median coverts dark bro\Mi tipped pink and pinkish buff, forming 

 not very conspicuous double ^\■ing-ba^ ; lesser A\ing-coverts dark- 

 brown fringed and tipped carmine. This plumage is acquired 

 by complete moult in autumn. Slimmer. — ^No moult. Abrasion 

 makes cannine deeper and considerably more brilliant, but 

 mantle becomes bro\\'ner owing to wearing off of carmine tips, 

 and pale tips of wing-coverts become much reduced. 



Adult JemaU. Winter. — Crown, mantle, and scapulars 

 yellowish-brown with dark brown centre of feathers showing ; 

 rump more imiform and greenish ; upper tail-coverts brown ; 

 ear-coverts and sides of neck uniform brown ; throat and breast 

 pale buff, streaked brown ; chin paler and often without streaks ; 

 flanks darker and lightly streaked ; belly and imder tail-coverts 

 buffish- white ; tail- and wing-feathers dark brown, outer webs 

 fringed greenish ; innermost secondaries Avith wider and more 

 buff fringes to outer webs ; greater and median coverts dark brown, 

 tipped buff, greenish-buff, or whitish-buff, forming conspicuous 

 double wing-bar ; lesser coverts tipped greenish. Summer. — 

 Abrasion makes mantle and crown browner, rump greyer and 

 under -parts more greyish- white, less buff. 



Nestling. — (Not examined.) 



Juvenile. Male and female. — Much as adult female but 

 upper-parts darker and browner, dark streaks larger and more 

 prominent ; rump streaked ; throat, breast, and flanks much more 

 heavily streaked ; tips of wing-coverts rather more yellowish-buff. 



First winter and summer. Male. — Like adult female and not 

 distinguishable from it. The juvenile body-feathers and median 

 and lesser wing-coverts are moulted in autumn, but not remiges 

 or rectrices. Female. — Scarcely distinguishable from adult, but 

 usually more streaked on flanks and lower-breast. 



Second tvinter and summer. Male. — Carmine not so brilUant 

 as in adult, mantle mostly brown, tips of greater wing-coverts 

 paler pink ; tips of median coverts whitish, tinged pink ; breast 

 and belly with less pink and more buffish, not so white as in adult ; 

 wing- and tail-feathers less pink on outer webs. Often brown 

 feathers amongst pink of throat and breast. Occasionally like 

 first winter except for pink edges to wings and tail and pink 

 lesser coverts. 



Measurements and structure. — (^ wing 80-86 mm., tail 54-59, 

 tarsus 17-20, bill from feathers 9.5-11 (12 measured). $ wing 

 79-83. Primaries : 1st minute and hidden, 2nd to 4th about equal 

 and longest, 5th 3-4 mm. shorter, 6th 10-12 shorter ; 3rd to 5th 

 emarginated outer webs. Tips of secondaries fairly square, longest 



