THE LAPLAND BUNTING. 139 



and chestnut-brown with narrow buif edgings ; eye-stripe becomes 

 much more prominent and whiter and extends in a broken line 

 nearly to base of bill ; breast and belly purer white. 



Adult female. Winter. — Like adult male but with much less 

 black on crown ; chestnut band at back of neck ill-defined and 

 scarcely noticeable, feathers being streaked black, edged and tipped 

 buff and only slightly marked pale chestnut ; black on sides of 

 head, lower throat and upper breast browner often mixed with 

 tawny, not so extensive and almost concealed by buff fringes ; 

 streaks on flanks narrower and more chestnut-brown. Summer. — 

 Same parts are affected by moult as in male but it is less complete, 

 and new feathers are much like old, but those on sides of head and 

 throat with more black at bases. Abrasion of tips of these and 

 old feathers makes sides of throat and lower throat blackish but 

 always with some whitish tips ; crown becomes darker but never 

 uniform black as in male ; band at back of neck becomes pale 

 chestnut spotted and streaked black ; rest of upper-parts much 

 as male. 



Nestling. — (Not examined.) 



Juvenile. — Whole upper-parts broadly streaked black, slightly 

 marked chestnut-brown on crown and scapulars, and all the 

 feathers edged bufiish-yellow ; sides of head as upper-parts, but 

 ear-coverts rather browner and a white spot behind them ; chin 

 and upper throat whitish-buff spotted brown-black ; lower throat, 

 upper breast and flanks buftish-yellow narrowly streaked same ; 

 rest of under -parts whitish-buff ; tail, wings and greater coverts 

 as adults ; median coverts with white tips divided centrally black ; 

 lesser coverts fringed white. 



First ivinter. Male. — ^Like adult male but cliestnut band at 

 back of neck with minute black spots. The juvenile body-plumage 

 and lesser and median wing-coverts are moulted in Aug.- 

 Sept. but not rest of wing-feathers and tail. Summer. — Like 

 adult and with same moult, but crown and throat do not become 

 so uniform black, and chestnut band at back of neck is spotted as 

 in Hrst winter. 



First ivinter. Female. — Like adult female but with little 

 black on feathers of sides of head and malar stripe ; featliers cf 

 upper breast and lower throat only streaked black and tawny, not 

 with large elark centres. Summer. — After moult as adult, but 

 unmoulted feathers of upper breast are streaked instead of with 

 blackish centres. 



Soft 'parts.— B\\\ yellow, tips black ; legs and feet and iris 

 dark brown. 



Measurements and structure. — ^ wing 88-96 mm., tail 61-67, 

 tarsus 19-23, bill from skull 10-11.5 (12 measured). $ wing 83-93. 

 Primaries : 1st minute and hidden, 3rd longest, 2nd and 4th often 

 as long but sometimes 1-2 mm. shorter, 5th 6-8 shorter ; 3rd and 

 4th clearly, and 5th slightly, emarginated outer webs. Secondaries 



