156 A PRACTICAL HANDBOOK OF BRITISH BIRDS. 



Distribution. — jBri^is/i Isles. — Twelve England, four Scotland, 

 one Ireland. One near Shrewsbury (Salop), four near Brighton, 

 and one Amberley (Sussex) ; one near Southampton and one near 

 Portsmouth (Hants.) ; one Orpington (Kent) ; one Scilly Isles ; 

 one near Cambridge; one South Breydon (Norfolk). Flannan 

 Isles (O. Hebrides) one Sept. 20, 1904 ; Fair Isle one Jmie 18, 

 1908, one Nov. 28, 1910 ; Auskerry (Orkney) one Oct. 1, 1913. 

 One Blackrock Light (Mayo) Oct. 11, 1890. All occurrences in 

 autumn except one April, two June, one July. 

 Distribution. — Abroad. — From south France throughout south 

 Europe and Mediterranean Islands and north-west Africa, north 

 of Atlas, eastward to Asia Minor and Palestine. Northern birds 

 more or less migratory, in winter to Sahara and Sudan (seems to 

 cross the western Sahara, but not observed south), also to north- 

 west India ; more southern birds resident or vagrant. Has occurred 

 casuallj' elsewhere, as in Heligoland, Switzerland, near Metz. It 

 is desirable that such specimens should be carefully examined, 

 as they might belong to the eastern form. A paler race inhabits 

 southern Algeria and southern Tunisia. 



62. Calandrella brachydactyla longipennis (Eversmann). — 

 THE EASTERN SHORT-TOED LARK. 



Alauda longipennis Eversmaim, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, xxi, 



p. 219 (1848— Songaria), 



Calandrella brachydactyla longipennisW.'E. Clarke, Scot. Nat., 1915, p. 100. 



Description. — Adult male and female. Winter and summer. — 

 Like C. b. brachydactyla, but upper-parts paler and greyer (more 

 meaJy), crown like mantle not rufous as it so often is in typical 

 form, eye-stripe rather whiter. Requires careful comparison, but 

 differences conspicuous in a series. 



Ileasurements. — o "^^'ing 90-95 mm. (one 98), tail 52-59, tarsus 

 19-21, bill from skull 12.5-13 (12 measured). ? wing 85-90. 



Distribution. — Scotland. — One Fair Isle (Shetlands) Nov. 11, 

 1907 {ut supra). 



Distribution. — Abroad. — Not sufficiently known, but at least 

 breeding in west Turkestan, Transcaspia, east Persia, north to 

 Kuldja (on the Hi river) in Dsungaria to the southern slopes of 

 Tian-Shan, east to Kobdo. Migrating in south-westerly direction, 

 to Asia Minor, Greece, Egypt and Nubia, and even Algeria and 

 western Sahara to the Oued Saret. (India doubtful.) 



Genus GALERIDA Boie. 



Galerida Boie, Isis 1828, p. 321 (Mixture; genotype by designation — 

 Gray 1840 and 1855 — G. cristata). 



Differs from all other Larks in having a pointed crest, arising 

 from about middle of crown. Bill more or less pointed. First 



