THE RED-THROATED PIPIT 183 



supra-orbital, occipital, humeral spinal, ulnar, femoral, and crural 

 (spirit specimen) (C. B, Ticehurst, Brit. B., ii. p. 191). 



Juvenile. — -Much resembling adult winter female but with pale 

 edgings of feathers of upper-parts rather smaller and more huffish ; 

 chin buffish-white ; sides of throat heavily streaked black-brown 

 like breast and flanks, buff of under-parts more yellowish than 

 adult winter female. 



First winter. Male. — Much like adult winter female but 

 chin and throat often tinged buffish-pink. The juvenile body- 

 feathers and lesser wing-coverts are moulted in August but 

 apparently not rest of wing-coverts nor remiges and rectrices. 

 N.B. — First summer males and first winter and summer females 

 apparently cannot be distinguished from adults ; those males with 

 much streakmg on breast and those females with little pink on 

 throat may be first summer, but I know of no way of proving this. 



Measurements and structure. — (^ wing 82-90 mm., tail 59-63, 

 tarsus 21-23, bill from skull 11.5-13, hind claw 10-14, slightly 

 curved, longer than hind toe (12 measured). $ wing 79-84. 

 Primaries : 1st minute less than half primary-coverts, 3rd longest, 

 2nd and 4th often as long, sometimes 1 mm. shorter, 5th 1-3 

 shorter, 6th 10-13 shorter; 3rd to 5th emargmated outer webs. 

 Secondaries between 8th and 10th primaries, tips fairly square, 

 longest inner secondary usually between 5th and 6th primaries 

 but sometimes when freshly moulted in spring as long as longest 

 primary. Tail and bill as Tree-Pipit. 



Soft parts. — Bill dark brown, yellowish-flesh at base of lower 

 mandible ; legs and feet yellowish- or brownish-flesh ; iris dark 

 brown. 



Chabacters and allied species. — ^No subspecies recognized. 

 Pink chin and throat of adult in summer very distinctive. In all 

 plumages differs from Meadow-Pipit by the distinct streaks on rump 

 and upper tail-coverts, feathers of these parts having large dark 

 centres like those of rest of upper-parts instead of indistinct narrow 

 dark centres as in Meadow-Pipit (see Plate 6), also upper-parts 

 and edgings of wuig-feathers are never so greenish as in Meadow- 

 Pipit. In juvenile throat is also more streaked than in Meadow- 

 Pipit. 



Field-characters. — In summer found in wooded country as well as 

 on the scrub-covered patches on the high Fjeld, but more numerous 

 on the latter. Often side by side with A. pratensis. Takes long 

 flights high in the air singing, hke other Pipits, but remains longer 

 in the air and mounts higher. Descends also in Pipit fashion and 

 settles on bushes. The call-note is distinctive. Mr. M. J. NicoU 

 describes it as a long-drawn " cheep " and "more hke the call of a 

 Reed-Buntuig than anything else I know." Capt. Lynes defines 

 it as a musical " chig " as against the squeaky " peet " of the 

 Meadow-Pipit. In spring and summer rusty-red of throat and 



