THE PIED WAGTAIL. 207 



some inner greater and median wing-coverts and central tail- 

 feathers are moulted in Jan. -March, but not rest of wings or tail. 

 Whole upper-parts black with only a few dark grey feathers here 

 and there ; chin and throat black joining black of upper-breast ; 

 centre of sides of neck white, and rest of plumage as winter. 



Adult female. Winter. — Much like adult male, but usually 

 with more grey on mantle, flanks slightly less dark, wing-feathers 

 and wing-coverts very slightly browner, less black and their tips 

 and edges less pure white. Moult as male. Summer. — Moult 

 as male. Like male but mantle with more dark grey and less 

 blackish-brown, black extending rather less far down breast. 



Nestling. — Down, smoke-grey. Distribution, inner and outer 

 supra-orbital, occipital, humeral, ulnar, spinal, femoral, crural and 

 ventral (very scanty on two last). Mouth, inside orange-yellow, 

 no spots ; externally flanges very pale yellow. 



Juvenile. Male and female. — Crown, mantle, scapulars and 

 back grej' tinged buflfish-brown ; fore-head and indefinite line down 

 sides of crown darker, often blackish ; rump sooty- brown-black ; 

 upper tail-coverts more glossj^ black, slightly tipped buff ; lores, 

 line over ej'e and ear-coverts dull bufiash-whitCj mottled dark smoke ; 

 chin and throat dull white, many feathers tipped sooty-brown- 

 black ; crescentic breast-band smoky-brown-black ; breast and 

 flanks smoke-grey tinged huffish ; belly and under tail-coverts 

 dull white ; wing-feathers as adult but more greyish-black and 

 fringes and tips of outer webs ashy-grey tinged buff ; primary- 

 coverts as primaries ; greater coverts with ashy -grey fringes 

 and dull white tips ; median coverts with dull white tips ; lesser 

 coverts tipped buffish-grey. 



First winter. Male. — Like adult male, but fore-head tinged 

 yellowish aiid usually mottled with black ; ear-coverts and some- 

 times chin and throat tinged yellowish ; back of crown often 

 with some grey feathers amongst black ; mantle and scapulars 

 dark grey slightly tinged olivaceous and with very little black 

 (much like adult female but still less black) ; breast and belly 

 duller white than adult and flanks paler ; wing-feathers much 

 browner, not so black as adult, and fringes of outer webs ashy- 

 grey, not white ; new innermost secondaries greater and median 

 wing-coverts browner and with duller white edges and tips (un- 

 moulted juvenile feathers still browner and with ashy-grey edges) ; 

 lesser wing-coverts blackish tipped dark grey. The juvenile 

 body-feathers, lesser wing-coverts, most median and inner greater 

 coverts, some innermost secondaries are moulted in Aug. -Oct., 

 but not rest of wing-feathers or tail. First summer.- — Moult as in 

 adult, but some innermost secondaries, a good many greater and 

 median wing-coverts and central pair of tail-feathers are more 

 regularly moulted, while rarely whole tail is moulted. New 

 plumage indistinguishable from that of adult female summer, but 

 wing-feathers are much browner and old feathers in wing-coverts 



