264 A PRACTICAL HANDBOOK OF BRITISH BIRDS. 



mark of varying size black (distribution of black and white varies 

 greatly individually) ; primaries black with white bases (forming 

 bar about 10 mm. wide), tips of inner feathers white, outer feathers 

 with outer webs narrowly fringed whitish ; secondaries like 

 primaries, but with longer white tips and rather less white at base, 

 inner secondaries without white at base, sometimes all secondaries 

 with no white showing at base ; primary- and greater coverts 

 black, usually with small dull white tips ; median coverts black ; 

 lesser coverts gi'ey with black bases. This plumage is acquired by 

 complete moult in Sept. -No v., wing- and tail-feathers commencing 

 July. Summer. — A moult confined to body-feathers takes place 

 March-May (sometimes June) new plumage being like winter. 



Adult female. Winter. — Like adult male but breast usually 

 with faint bro"v\ai wavy bars. Many specimens indistinguishable 

 from adult male. INIoult as in male. Summer. — Moult as male, 

 after which bars on breast usually absent, and when present very 

 faint. 



Nestling. — (Not examined.) 



Juvenile. Male and female. — Upper -parts grey washed browai, 

 feathers of hind-part of crow7i, nape, rump and upper tail-coverts 

 usually wdth dark bro\\Ti wavy bars but these sometimes absent ; 

 whitish superciliary stripe very small ; lores and line through ear- 

 coverts blackish-bro\A'Ti ; under-parts white washed brownish, 

 breast and flanks with faint bro\m wa\'y bars, chin and throat 

 whiter with fewer bars, belly and under tail-coverts also whiter 

 and without bars ; tail-, wing-feathers and jmmary-co verts as 

 adult, but innermost secondaries tipped brownish ; greater coverts 

 black, tipped brown ; median coverts dark brown wdth tips grejash- 

 brown speckled dark brown ; lesser coverts greyish-brown speckled 

 dark brown ; all wing-coverts usually with dark penultimate 

 crescentic lines. 



The Great Grey Shrike (Lnnius e. excuhitor). 

 Note differences in wing-forruula as compared with Lesser Grey Shrilce, and less white. 



