THE PIED FLYCATCHER. 



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of outer webs white or creamy-white and often some white on inner 

 web, especially on basal portion, next pair usually with most of 

 outer web (and sometimes part of inner web at base) white or 



The Pied Flycatcher {Muscicapa h. hypoleuca) ^ adult, summer. 



crea,my but sometimes without any white, third pair from outside 

 usually without but sometimes with white on outer webs ; primaries 

 brown-black to dark brown, inner webs narrowly edged whitish, 

 6th to 10th (and 5th occasionally) with varying amount of white 

 at bases usually showing just beyond primary -co verts ; secondaries- 

 with larger patch of white, or more usually cream -colour, at base, 

 three innermost with white, or creamy -white, margins of varying 

 width on outer webs and the two longer ones with most of their 

 bases white or creamy, occasionally 6th has narrow white margin ; 

 primary -coverts brown-black to dark brown ; greater coverts, 

 same with varying amount of pale brown to white on outer webs, 

 and tips, especially of inner feathers ; median and lesser coverts 

 usually brown (sometimes black) with paler brown tips. N.B. — 

 There is considerable individual variation, especially in rump, wings 

 and tail. Tliis plumage is acquired by complete moult in July- Aug. 

 Summer. — Most body-feathers, three (occasionally four) innermost 

 secondaries, inner greater coverts (outer very seldom) and sometimes 

 some median and lesser coverts are moulted early in year but not 

 rest of wings or tail. Feathers over nostrils black ; fore-head 

 white, varying in extent ; rest of upper -parts glossy black, with 

 varying number of new feathers brown or partially brown and 

 always some old brown winter feathers unmoulted, especially on 

 back and rump ; whole under-parts white ; innermost secondary 

 black with wide white margin on outer web, next two mostly white 

 with black on distal half of imier webs, 6th when renewed with 

 basal third white and rest black ; new greater coverts varying from 



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