THE DUSKY WARBLER. 319 



Juvenile. — Much resembling adiilts but greyer on breast, not 

 so buff on flanks, eye-stripe and ear-coverts greyer not so buff. 



First winter male and female. — ^Resembling adults but more 

 yellowish on centre of throat and belly and has a yellowish rather 

 than rufous tinge on rest of under-parts. The juvenile body- 

 feathers are moulted Aug. but apparently not wing-coverts, wing- 

 feathers or tail. Summer. — Like adults and same moult. 



Measurements and structure. — ,^ wing 56-64, mm., tail 4:4:-52, 

 tarsus 20-22, bill from skull 11-13. (12 measured.) $ wing 53-61. 

 Primaries : 1st about twice primary -coverts and half 2nd primary, 

 2nd between 8th and 10th (very seldom so long as 8th), 4th and 

 oth about equal and longest, 3rd and 6th 1-3 mm. shorter, 7th 5 

 shorter, 8th 7 shorter ; 3rd to 6th emarginated outer webs. Rest 

 •of structure as Chiff-chaff. 



Soft parts. — BiU, vipper mandible dark brown, lower yellow ; 

 legs and feet yellowish-flesh ; iris dark brown. 



Oharacters and allied forms. — Long first primary, rufous- 

 buff eye-stripe and under-parts and dark flanks are distinctive. 

 Ph. homeyeri (Kamtschatka) is similar but has darker and less 

 rufous upper-parts and less rufous eye-stripe and cheeks and pro- 

 bably should be treated as a subspecies. Closely resembling Herbivo- 

 cula schwarzi in structure but bill finer, tail-feathers not so pointed 

 <^nd tarsus more slender, also in colour but usually more rufous. 



Breeding-habits. — Breeds near water, on ground or a foot or so 

 •above it. Nest. — Domed built of dead grasses and moss and lined 

 freely with feathers. Eggs. — 5-6, white without gloss, 18 x 12.5 

 to 15.3 X 12.5 mm. Breeding -season. — Mid-June. 



Food. — Small insects recorded by Lynes. 



Distribution. — Scotland. — One, a female, Auskerry (Orkney), 

 Oct. 3, 1913 {ut supra). England. — One, West St. Leonards 

 (Sussex), Oct. 18, 1916 (J. B. Nichols, Brit. B., XL, p. 45). 



Distribution. — Abroad. — Breeds from Yenisei eastward to Sea 

 of Okhotsk, and from Mongolia and Manchuria northwards 

 probably to about lat. 64° N. On migration, occurs in China, 

 Japan and Mongolia, wintering in Formosa, south China, Burma, 

 Assam, Nepal, Tenassorim, and plains of northern Lidia. 



Genus HERBIVOCULA Swinh. 



Herbivocula Swinlioe, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1871, pp. 353, 354 

 {Monotype : H. flemingi=schwarzi). 



Near Phylloscopus, but bill stronger, short and thick, tarsi 

 and feet stronger, rictal bristles more distinct. 1st primary long 

 and wide, quite twice as long as primary-coverts and about half 



