PALLAS S GRASSHOPPER- WARBLER. 



329 



Pallas's Grassliopper- Warbler 

 (Locustella certhiola). Tail from below. 



almost without streaks ; distinct strij^e troni nostrils over and 

 behind ej e creamy-white ; lores dark brown, tipped greyish-white ; 

 under eye and lower part of ear-coverts creamy-bnff, minutelj' 

 spotted dark brown, npper-part 

 of ear-coverts brown ; chin, 

 throat, centre of breast and belly, 

 axillaries and under wing-coverts 

 white, often with some minute 

 black spots on sides of throat 

 and on upper-breast and very 

 occasionally on centre of throat ; 

 upper-breast, sides and flanks 

 buff (occasionally one or two 

 short black streaks on flanks) ; 

 under tail-coverts same with 

 whitish tips ; tail : central pair 

 brown with small gre^ash-white 

 tips, divided by brown-black 

 shaft -line and with a brown- 

 black wedge-shaped jjenultimate 

 mark, rest with larger dull M'hite 



tips and the black extended over most of the feathers in the shape 

 of wide, coalesced bars, leaving only edges brown ; wing-feathers 

 dark brown, narrowly edged on inner webs dull white and on outer 

 webs pale reddish-brown, 1st and 2nd primaries Math outer edge 

 brownish-white, innermost secondaries brown-black, evenly mar- 

 gined with ]mle reddish-brown, becoming whitish on innermost 

 feather ; all wing-coverts as innermost secondaries but j^rimary- 

 coverts with very narrow margins. This plumage is acquired by 

 comjolete moult August-December. Summer. — The body-feathers 

 are jarobabh moulted in March or April, but no specimens are 

 available for examination. In May specimens the bodj^-feathers 

 apj)ear to be new. Coloration as winter on upper-parts, b\it chin, 

 throat and middle of breast and belly purer white, contrasting 

 more strongly with buffish-biown sides and flanks. 



Nestling. — (Not examined) . 



Juvenile. — Upper-parts as adult, but Avith rather a more 

 narrowly streaked appearance, especially on rump ; under-parts 

 suffused Mith pale yellow, sides of throat, lower-throat and uj^per 

 breast with numerous short (rather spot-like) black-broAvii streaks 

 flanks usually also Avith some similar streaks ; tij)s of tail-feathers 

 smaller and less white, margins of innermost secondaries duller, 

 not so whitish. 



First unnter. — Like adult, but dark streaks on upper-parts 

 slightly narrower and pale edgings slightly broader ; under-parts 

 sometimes tinged pale yellow ; margins of innermost secondaries 

 as in juvenile. The juvenile body-plumage, lesser and median 

 wing-coverts, and sometimes in any case the tail-feathers are 



