THE GRASSHOPPfiR-WARBLER. 331 



dark streaks ; lores greyish, tipped dusky ; faint, short, pale streak 

 behind eye : ear-coverts olive-brown, somewhat speckled yellowish - 

 buff ; chin and centre of throat, breast and belly white or pale 

 buffish-yellow ; sides of throat, sides of breast, flanks and band 

 across upper-breast buff or yellowish-buff ; throat and flanks with 

 varying amount of dark broAvn spots and streaks, and often with no 

 streaks ; under tail -coverts brownish-buff, each feather marked 

 browia centrally ; axillaries and under wing-coverts pale buff ; 

 (N.B. Variation in general colours of under-parts and in streaking 

 is entirely individual) ; tail reddish -browai, with obsolete trans- 

 verse bars scarcely showing in some specimens but more clearly 

 in others ; wing-feathers dark brown, outer webs narrowly edged 

 pale, and slightly reddish, broA\ii, inner Avebs narrowly edged dull 

 brownish -white ; all wing-coverts as rest of upper-parts but 

 usually not quite so olive. This pkxmage is acquired by co i plete 

 moult in August-September. Summer. — A complete moult 

 probably takes place in February or March but no specimens 

 collected from December to March have been available. In April 

 specimens the feathers appear to be new.* Coloration as A^nter. 

 Abrasion graduaUy makes upper-parts less olive, and more streaked, 

 and mider-parts paler and less yellowish. 



Nestling. — Down, dusky-grey, fairly long and plentiful ; 

 distribution, inner supra-orbital, occipital, spinal and humeral. 

 Mouth, inside yellow, olive-green at sides of roof, two black spots 

 at base of tongue and another at tip, externally gape-flanges 

 yellowdsh-white . 



Juvenile. — Like adult but upper-parts more reddish -browai 

 with scarcely any olive tinge ; buff of under-parts more dusky. 



First ivinter. — Like adult but upper-parts rather browner and 

 less olive but not so reddish as juvenile ; under-parts varying as in 

 adult both as regards colour and presence or absence of streaks on 

 throat and flanks. The juvenile body-plumage, tail-feathers and 

 apparently lesser and median wing-coverts are moulted August- 

 October, but not apparently greater wing-coverts, nor primary- 

 coverts or Aving-feathers. 



Measurements and structure. — (^ Aving 60-67 mm., tail 51-59, 

 tarsus 19-21, bifl from skuH 11.5-13.5 (12 measured). $ Aving 59-66. 

 Pinmaries : 1st minute, equal to or 1-2 mm. shorter or longer than 

 primary-coA-erts, 3rd longest, 2nd .5-4 shorter, 4th .5-2 shorter, 

 5th 3-5 shorter, 6th 5-8 shorter ; 3rd emarginated on outer Aveb. 

 Rest of structure as L. certhiola. 



Soft parts. — Bill dark broA^ii, loAver mandible pale yelloAvish- 

 broAvn ; legs and feet pale jT-elloAvish-broAAai ; iris broAvai. 



Characters and allied forms. — L. n. straminea (Urals, Trans- 



* In L. nrevia straminea there is a complete moult in March-April, and 

 i t is unlikely that one subspecies moults differently from another. 



