THE REDWING. 405 



smaller markings ; centre of belly Avhite ; flanks rich chestnut, 

 feathers towards belly streaked pale brown ; under tail-coverts 

 with i^ale brown leases and long buffish-white tips extending up 

 centre of feathers in wedge-shaiie ; axillaries and luider wing-coverts 

 jiinkish-chestnut not so dark as flanks ; tail dark brown with very 

 narroAV buffish-white edging at tip of inner webs of outer feathers ; 

 jDriiiiaries and secondaries dark brown, inner Avebs with paler 

 edgings and outer webs with more yellowish -brown edgings ; 

 l^rimary-coverts same but Avith dark tips ; greater coA^erts same 

 but AAdth more distinctlA' pale edgings to outer AA^ebs, A^arying from 

 pale broAvn to rusty buffish-broAvn ; median coA'erts dark broAvn 

 Avith ])aler tips A'arying as outer edges of greater coA^erts ; lesser 

 coA'erts dark broAvii. This plumage is accpiired by complete moult 

 in Aug. -Sept. Summer. — Xo moult. Abrasion makes upper-parts 

 someAvhat greyer-broAvn and often dark centres of feathers of croAA'n 

 rather prominent ; under-parts Aviiite Avith dark streaks more 

 2)rominent and clearer 



Nestling. — DoAvn, pale buff. Distribution, inner supra-orbital, 

 occipital, spinal, humeral aud ulnar (from feathered skin). 



Juvenile. Whole head dark broAvii, feathers Avith blackish 

 tips especially marked at sides of croAvn ; mantle and scapulars 

 same, but feathers with pale buff to Avhitish centres forming wide 

 and prominent streaks on scapulars ; rump and upper tail-coA^erts 

 as mantle but paler broAvn and Avith fcAver and smaller (or AA'ithout) 

 AA'hitish centres ; eye-stripe as in adult, but usually Avhiter ; lores, 

 ear-coverts and sides of neck and throat as adult but ]iale parts 

 AA'hiter and less buff ; chin and centre of throat buffish-Avhite ; rest 

 of mider-parts pale buff to Avhitish-buff becoming A\'hite on bally, 

 each feather AAath black-broA\ai tij^ forming spots exactly as in jUA-enile 

 Song-Thrush, spots smaller on loAver belly and absent in centre ; 

 flanks buff Avith dark spots, some feathers in centre of flanks 

 chestnut-buff ; under tail-coverts buffish-Avhite Avith pale brown 

 bases and tips ; axillaries and under AA^ng-coverts pale buffish- 

 chestnut ; tail as adult ; Aving-feathers as adult but tAvo innermost 

 secondaries Avith distinct buffish-Avhite tips to outer Avebs ; greater 

 coA^erts as adult but Avith buff tips extending upAvards as mesial 

 streaks in varying number of inner feathers (see Plate 15) ; 

 median and lesser co\-erts dark broAvn A\ith buff mesial streaks 

 broadening at tips of median coverts. 



First winter and summer. — As adult and only to be distinguished 

 by AA'hite tips to innermost secondaries and jDale buff tips to greater 

 coverts. In summer these clistinctiAC tips often become Avorn off. 

 Tlie juA^enile body-feathers, lesser and median Aving-coA'erts and 

 A'arying number of inner greater co Averts are moulted Aug. -Sept., 

 but not Aving- and tail-feathers, nor primary -co Averts nor rest of 

 greater coverts. 



Measurements and structure. — o wing 113-122 mui., tail 76-85 



