THE BLACK-THROATED THRUSH. 411 



upper-breast and sides of neck brown-black, each feather narrowly 

 fringed with dull white to buffish-white ; lower-breast and belh' 

 dull white, somewhat mottled or faintly streaked with smoke- 

 brown ; flanks smoke-grey ; under tail -coverts with long white 

 tips and dark brown bases and rust -coloured edgings ; axillaries 

 orange-buff mottled with brown and edged greyish-white, inner 

 feathers usually paler than outer ones ; tail-feathers dark brown 

 Avith a rusty tinge on outer feathers ; wing-feathers dark brown, 

 inner webs edged buftish-grey, outer webs narrowly edged pale grey- 

 brown, sometimes with buff tinge ; primarj^- and greater coverts 

 brown with outer webs narrowly edged as wing-feathers ; median 

 coverts as mantle but with pale tips ; lesser coverts as mantle. 

 This plumage is acquired by complete moult in July-Aug., perhaps 

 occasionally Sept. Summer. — No moult. Abrasion gradually 

 makes black of throat, breast, etc., more uniform by the wearing 

 off of fringes of feathers. 



Adult female. Winter. — Upper-parts as male but more olive- 

 brown, never so grey-brown as some adult males ; crown with ver}'' 

 little black to centres of feathers ; lores as male, but not so black ; 

 indistinct narrow line from nostrils over eye grey to huffish ; ear- 

 coverts as upper -parts ; chin, throat and cheeks white with brown- 

 black streaks ; upper-breast brown-black tinged rusty, feathers 

 with greyish to huffish fringes much wider than in adiilt male and 

 sometimes dark centres of feathers restricted to a streak ; rest of 

 under-parts with more smoke-brown than in adult male ; inner 

 webs of outer tail-feathers more tinged with rust-colour than in 

 adult male ; fringes of wing-feathers more buffish-brown, not so 

 grey. Moult as male. Summer. — Abrasion makes streaks on 

 throat and black-brown parts of feathers of breast more prominent. 

 There is considerable individual variation in amount of black- 

 brown on breast. 



Nestling. — (Not examined.) 



Juvenile. — Like adult female but feathers of crown with faint 

 narrow pale shaft -streaks and inconspicuous dark tips ; feathers 

 of mantle and scapulars with whitish-grey centres or mesial streaks 

 and dark brown tips ; back, rump and upper tail-coverts as adult 

 but with greyish-white shaft-streaks and tips ; lores dark brown ; 

 grey or pale buifish line over lores and eye, rather more marked 

 than in adult female ; ear-coverts brown, slightly speckled whitish ; 

 chin and upper-throat much as adult female ; lower-throat and 

 upper-breast buffish-white, each feather with a black-brown, 

 roundish tip ; lower-breast whiter with smaller spots ; centre of 

 belly white ; flanks buflish-grey, feathers with dark brown tips ; 

 tail- and wmg-feathers as adults, but two imiermost secondaries 

 with whitish -grey tips ; primary-coverts as adult ; greater coverts 

 with small greyish-white tips confined to outer webs except in 

 innermost feathers, which have a buffish-white wedge-shaped mark 



