THE RING-OUZEL. 413 



pronounced greenish ground and decided red-brown markings ; 

 others said to apjiroach type of Mistle-Thrush, but bluer ground. 

 Average of 27 eggs, 29.1x21.3 mm. Breeding-season. — May and 

 June. Incubation. — No details. 



Food. — Probably worms, insects and berries. PrzcAvalski records 

 berries of Viburnum, Cratcegus and Eleagnus, and Baker states that 

 flocks haunt rice-fields in India. 



Distribution. — Great Britain. — Four. Male Lewes (Sussex), Dec. 

 23, 1868 (J. Gould. Ibis, 18(51), ^^. 128). One (said to have been with 

 another) near Perth, Feb., 1879 (H. M. Drummond-Hay, t.c, 1889, 

 ]). 579). Male Newenden (Kent), Jan. 30, 1909 (T. P'arkin, Bull. 

 B.O.C., XXIII, p. 57.) Male Wittersham (Kent), March 15, 1911 

 (N. F. Ticehurst, Bull. B.O.C., xxvii, p. 94). 



Distribution. — Abroad. — West Siberia to Altai Mountains and, 

 according to Sewertzow, in Turkestan. On passage or in winter 

 in Turkestan, Afghanistan, Persia, Baluchistan, Himalayas, and 

 north-west India. Once obtained in south Arabia, casual in Euroije : 

 Finland, Norway, Denmark, Germany, Austria, Italy, France, rarer 

 in west. Replaced by T. ruficolUs ruficollis in east Siberia. 



[Note. — Several examples of the American" Robin," Turdiis migratoriti.t 

 migratorius L., which inhabits eastern and northern North America, and in 

 winter migrates to Florida, Texas, Bermudas, and exceptionally Cuba, have 

 been taken in the British Isles, but they had no doubt escaped from captivitj^ 

 About 1910 an attempt at introduction was made near Guildford (Surrej^).] 



TURDUS TORQUATUS 



172. Turdus torquatus torquatus L. — THE RING-OUZEL. 



TuRDUS TORQUATUS Linnseus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 170 (1758 — Eurojje. 



Restricted tjrpical locality : Sweden). 



Turdus torquatus Linna?us, Yarrell, i, p. 287 ; Saunders, p. 15. 



Description (Plate 15). — Adult male. Wiyiter. — WTiole upper- 

 parts brown-black, each feather fringed brownish-grey, those of 

 head and nape Avith rather browner and less grey fringes than rest ; 

 lores black ; ear -coverts and sides of neck as crown ; chin and 

 upper-throat brown-black, each feather fringed greyish-white ; 

 across lower-throat a broad gorget dull white, feathers tipped to 

 variable extent Avith smoke-brown to dark broAvn ; rest of under- 

 parts brown-black, each feather fringed white to greyish -white, 

 under tail-coverts rather blacker, with Avhiter fringes and whitish 

 shafts ; axillaries and under wing-coverts l)lackish-brown, fringed 

 and mottled to variable extent with white ; tail brown-black, outer 

 feathers very narrowly fringed greyish-A\hite ; primaries and 

 secondaries black-brown tinged greyish, outer webs narrowly 

 margined dull greyish-white rather more widely on secondaries, 

 inner margins of inner webs grey ; primarj'-coverts as primaries ; 



