376 Reviercs. and Notices respecting New Books. 



the direction of the different muscles, and in no other; from their 

 having spaces, which allow them to contract in the direction of their 

 fibres ; from their being found invariably present, when dissected 

 in a proper manner; and from the parts of the ossicula auditus 

 to which they are inserted, having eminences and depressions 

 like the corresponding parts of other bones. But these are not the 

 only reasons we have for considering the different parts which have 

 been described as muscles, and not as ligaments or mere mem- 

 branes ; for if the bones were not moved by contractile organs in 

 directions coinciding with their articulations, what would be the 

 use of the articulations of the ossicula auditus, or of their being 

 fixed so particularly to one another, and at the same time lying in 

 so loose a manner in the cavitas tympani ? Let us take, for ex- 

 ample, the head of the malleus, which is by far the largest and 

 strongest, and perhaps the most important part of the bone ; — what 

 would be the use of that part, were it to lie in the fossa navicularis 

 without having muscular textures pulling in those directions in 

 which it is capable of being moved? Could it act with that nicety 

 which we presume is necessary to convey the variety of phaenomena 

 to which the ear is sensible, otherwise than by the medium of deli- 

 cate and sensitive muscles?" 



In addition to the five proper muscles of the auricle, which pre- 

 ceding anatomists have enumerated, Mr. Tod describes (p. 4 — 5)the 

 Obliquus Juris and the Contractor Meatus or Trago-Helicus, which 

 he observes areas obvious as any of the former. The muscles of the 

 Ossicula are, according to him, as follows (p. 20— 22) : 1. Anterior 

 Mallei; 1. Posterior Mallei; 3. Internus Manubrii Mallei; 4. An- 

 terior Capitis Mallei; 5. Superior Capitis Mallei, (the Ligamentum 

 proprium teres of Scemmerring) ; 6. Obliquus Incudis Externus Pos- 

 terior; 7. Triangularis Incudis (noticed by Dr. VV. Holder in Phil. 

 Trans, vol. iii. an7io 1668) ; 8. Stapedius Posterior olim Stapedius i 

 and 9. Musculus vel Structura Stapedius hiferior, of which he re- 

 marks that he has not as yet been able to discover muscular fibres 

 in it sufficiently clear to warrant his calling them determinately by 

 that name, although it looks more like muscular texture than any 

 other. 



The following are the contents of this portion of the work: — 



Anatomy of the Ear: — Of the External Portion — Eminences 

 and Depressions — Fissures, Ligaments, and Muscles — Meatus Ex- 

 ternus — Membrana Tympani; — Of the Internal Portion — Cavitas 

 Tympani — Use of different parts — Eustachian Tubes — Membrana 

 Propria Tympani — Ossicula Auditus — Muscles, Membranes and 

 Ligaments — Motions of the Ossicula Auditus — Blood-vessels of 

 the Tympanum — Labyrinth — Vestibulum — Semicircular Canals — 

 Cochlea — Aquaeductus Fallopii — Chorda Tympani — Portio Mollis 

 — Coverings — Blood-vessels of the Labyrinth — Ossification of the 

 Temporal Bone — Directions how to examine the structure of the 

 Tympanum. 



We subjoin the last article of this enumeration, as giving to 

 anatomists the means of discovering, and demonstrating the muscles 

 described by the author. 



