332 
comparatively simple expedient of ap- 
plying 2 quarts of a 5-percent DDT 
solution per acre from an airplane. 
Flies, potential transmitters of dysen- 
teries, typhoid, cholera, and other 
diseases can be brought under control 
by the judicious use of recommended 
procedures first initiated by members 
of the Orlando laboratory. 
Although these new insecticidal 
formulations were designed for military 
needs they can be revised, modified, 
and used for the benefit of a world at 
peace. During the past 5 years, 
entomologists and others from around 
the world have paid their respects to 
the Orlando laboratory and have 
returned to their native lands with 
information which is being applied to 
their peculiar insect problems. 
Organization of the Orlando Laboratory 
and Its Relationship to Other Research 
Institutions 
Fortunately the urgent need for 
modern and effective methods for 
controlling insects of medical im- 
portance was known by at least a few 
farsighted entomologists and medical 
officers. To Col. W. S. Stone and 
Gen. J. S. Simmons, United States 
Army, however, goes the greatest 
credit for initiating research programs 
especially designed to furnish the 
much needed information. ‘Together 
with colleagues in the War and Navy 
Departments these men sitting in 
selected committees in the National 
Research Council first contacted the 
Bureau of Entomology and Plant 
Quarantine late in the fall of 1941. 
Plans for research projects designed 
to protect the health of our military 
personnel from insect attack and insect- 
borne diseases were shortly outlined 
by F. C. Bishopp, E. C. Cushing, and 
H. H. Stage of the Bureau and sub- 
mitted to the Committee on Medical 
Research of the Office of Scientific 
Research and Development where 
they received favorable consideration. 
The first funds were allocated by the 
Office of Scientific Research and 
ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1948 
Development to the Bureau early in 
1942. 
Within a few weeks selected ento- 
mologists, insecticide chemists, engi- 
neers, and others were transferred to 
Orlando and charged with the respon- 
sibility of initiating the prescribed 
investigations without delay. R. C. 
Bushland, C. C. Deonier, G. W. Eddy, 
Howard A. Jones, A. W. Lindquist, 
A. H. Madden, L. C. McAlister, H. 
O. Schroeder, and B. V. Travis work- 
ing under the immediate direction of 
W. E. Dove, and later, of the writer, 
formed the nucleus of this organiza- 
tion. As the program progressed, 
additional specialists were added to 
the staff. These included James B. 
Gahan, C. N. Husman, J. P. Lin- 
duska, O. M. Longcoy, F. M. Snyder, 
F. A. Morton, and others, including 
valuable and capable young men as- 
signed to the laboratory by the Army 
Air Forces base at Orlando and by the 
Office of the Surgeon General, U. S. 
Army. ‘The separate contributions 
of these men cannot be given here. 
They worked as a team, and because 
of their close cooperation and co- 
ordination of work their accomplish- 
ments were far greater than would 
have been possible if working as 
independent researchers. 
The laboratory as a whole function- 
ed as an important cog in the machine 
which produced the many new de- 
velopments in insect control during 
the war. Industry furnished most 
of the chemicals which were evaluated 
as insecticides. These were tested 
against a number of insects and those 
that were worthy of practical con- 
sideration were developed through 
intensive study to a point where the 
armed services and other insect con- 
trol agencies could try them out under 
practical conditions and develop them 
further for use in actual control 
operations. 
As the research program developed 
and as reports from war theaters em- 
phasized the importance of insects and 
insect-borne diseases to our war effort, 
various agencies set up research proj- 
