SURVIVING INDIAN GROUPS—GILBERT 
York. There were also a few other 
tribes of Indians located at certain 
points in eastern Long Island. In 
Orange and Rockland Counties, on 
the borders of New Jersey, are the 
Jackson Whites, a mountain people 
with a strongly marked Indian back- 
ground. The latter are not included 
as Indians in the census reports, how- 
ever. In 1930 some 11.6 percent of 
New York Indians 10 years old or over 
were illiterate. 
Troquois—The Iroquois Indians of 
New York are mainly located on six 
reservations, namely, Cattaraugus, Al- 
legany, Tuscarora, Tonawanda, Onon- 
daga, and St. Regis. On these reser- 
vations they have retained to a re- 
markable degree their native speech, 
their native religion, and many abo- 
riginal customs and traditions. There 
has been considerable admixture of 
white blood with these Indians. ‘The 
census of 1930 reported 4,365 mem- 
bers of this group, 36.1 percent full- 
blood, 62.8 percent mixed-blood, and 
1.1 percent not recorded. 
The Cattaraugus Indian Reserva- 
tion includes some 21,760 acres in 
Erie, Chautauqua, and Cattaraugus 
Counties, from the mouth of Catta- 
raugus Creek on Lake Erie to a point 
10 or 12 miles from the mouth. Here 
live 2,000 Indians, mainly Senecas 
with a few Cayugas and Onondagas. 
They are steel workers, mechanics, 
farmers, trappers, and fishermen, and 
they lease some of their land to white 
market gardeners and to operators of 
gas wells. The Federal Government 
pays these Indians an annual treaty 
stipend. Flowers, sassafras, baskets, 
beads, and handiwork items are sold 
in the nearby cities. The Longhouse 
people of Newton keep up the annual 
cycle of thanksgiving festivals, being 
followers of Handsome Lake, the Sen- 
eca prophet (1750?-1815). Method- 
ists and Baptists have long maintained 
missions here. 
Along the Pennsylvania border in 
Cattaraugus County is located the 
Allegany Indian Reservation. This 
domain extends along both sides of the 
411 
Allegheny River from the point where 
it enters Pennsylvania, in a long thin 
arc for 30 miles, and comprises 26,880 
acres. ‘This reservation borders the 
northern edge of Allegany State Park 
and adjoins the Cornplanter Reserva- 
tion in Pennsylvania. A number of 
white communities are found within 
the bounds of this reservation, includ- 
ing the city of Salamanca, and whites 
hold the land on long-term leases. 
There are about 900 Senecas, of whom 
at least half speak Seneca, and a scat- 
tering of Cayugas living on small 
farms. The State appoints an attorney 
to guard the legal interests of these 
Indians under the Federal New York 
Indian Agency with superintendents 
in Buffalo. The Longhouse religion 
predominates, but Presbyterian and 
Baptist missions have been maintained 
here. Near the Allegany Reservation 
are some 640 acres of land owned by 
the Senecas in Allegany County at Oil 
Springs (near Cuba, N. Y.), which are 
leased to whites. 
The Tuscarora Indian Reservation 
is located in Niagara County about 
4 or 5 miles to the northeast of Niag- 
ara Falls, N. Y. ‘This area comprises 
about 6,249 acres and has some 430 
Tuscaroras living on it as farmers. 
There is a community house, a Bap- 
tist church, a school, and the State 
furnishes visiting supervisors. These 
Indians are all Christians but still 
retain their old-time language, coun- 
cil, and many old tribal laws. They 
are under the New York Indian 
Agency at Buffalo. 
The Tonawanda Indian Reserva- 
tion comprises 7,549 acres in Erie and 
Genesee Counties along Tonawanda 
Creek, 20 miles northeast of Buffalo, 
N. Y. On this reservation live about 
600 Senecas of the Tonawanda Band 
of whom a third at least are Longhouse 
followers. Life chiefs govern through 
council. There are Baptist and Meth- 
odist missions among these people 
and the State Department of Public 
Welfare maintains a community house. 
Over half speak or understand Seneca. 
These Indians find employment in 
