412 
the gypsum plants of nearby Akron, 
. Y., and also work on the roads and 
on nearby farms, and in Buffalo fac- 
tories. A New York State attorney at 
Batavia represents them, and _ they 
come under New York Federal Agency. 
In Onondaga County a few miles 
south of the center of Syracuse, N. Y., 
is located the Onondaga Indian Reser- 
vation, a tract of 6,100 acres, valley 
and highland. Here live 700 Onon- 
daga Indians along with some 200 
Oneidas, Cayugas, and other Indians. 
Onondaga is still spoken. Less than 
100 of the Onondagas are said to be 
full-bloods. Rental is paid by white 
men for use of sand, stone quarries, 
and pipe lines. There are three 
churches, a public school, two council 
houses, and an office of the State 
department of health. One council 
house is used by the Longhouse group, 
who adhere to the Code of Handsome 
Lake and constitute about 30 percent 
of the total, the other by the Christian 
Indians. A council of life chiefs 
governs the tribe. Episcopalians and 
Methodists have maintained mission 
work here. Many of the Onondagas 
find employment in Syracuse factories 
and homes. About 30 miles eastward 
there are a few Oneidas settled on 
some 30 acres outside of Oneida, N. Y. 
St. Regis Indian Reservation is 
located on the Canadian border in 
Franklin and Lawrence Counties 
where the New York line reaches the 
St. Lawrence River. It comprises 
16,640 acres, and is 9 miles long by 
3 miles wide. Part of the St. Regis 
Reservation is on the Canadian side. 
There are 2,800 Indians here, mostly 
Mohawks. Of the entire group 100 
are full-bloods, whereas the rest are 
mixed with white blood. These In- 
dians are governed by three elected 
chiefs (a minority adhere to the life- 
chief system) and as wards of the State 
pay no taxes and receive free medical 
care and schooling. Some are makers 
of baskets and moccasins, but the 
majority are dairy farmers, _ steel 
workers, and lumbermen. Both Meth- 
odist Episcopal and Roman Catholic 
ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1948 
mission workers have labored among 
these people, and none of them are 
pagans. They are under New York 
Federal Indian Agency at Buffalo. 
The Mohawk language is still spoken. 
At Lake George, in the northeast 
of the State, there is a small band of 
Abenaki Indians. 
Long Island Indians.—In eastern Long 
Island there are five remnants of 
Algonquian Indian groups, namely, 
the Shinnecock, the Poosepatuck, 
Montauk, Setauket, and Matinecock. 
The Indians in Suffolk County totaled 
about 266 according to the 1940 
census. The Shinnecock are located 
on Shinnecock Bay near Southampton, 
N. Y. They occupy about 50 acres 
on a neck of land running out into 
the Bay and number about 150 per- 
sons, have a Presbyterian church, 
lease for cultivation about one-tenth 
of the land, do fishing, hunting, and 
clamming, and have lost most of their 
Indian culture, being much mixed 
with whites and Negroes. ‘Their land 
is tax free, and they are governed by 
three trustees elected annually. The 
Shinnecock do beadwork and make a 
kind of brush for scouring pans. Their 
family names are Arch, Beaman, Bunn, 
Cuffee, Davis, Harvey, Kellis, Scud- 
der, and Thompson. 
The Poosepatuck occupy 50 acres 
near the mouth of the Mastic River 
about 15 miles west of the Shinnecock 
and are in the southern part of the 
town of Brookhaven. ‘They have 
three trustees elected annually to 
manage their affairs, and have their 
own church and State-supported 
school. ‘They have held this land since 
1693 and now number about 10 
families. 
The Montauk have two settlements 
located on Montauk Point about 40 
miles east of the Shinnecocks. Like 
the latter and the Poosepatuck they 
are largely mixed with white and 
Negro blood and have lost most of the 
Indian culture. 
The Matinecock are a few Indians 
located near Cold Spring by Long 
Island Sound in Nassau County. The 
