SURVIVING INDIAN 
Setauket are a remnant located be- 
tween Stony Brook and Wading River 
in Suffolk County. 
Other New York mixed-bloods.—Along 
the banks of the Hudson River in 
New York State the country is well 
developed and modern in every re- 
spect. But on the upper edges of the 
hills whose slopes can be seen from the 
river live a border people, independ- 
ent, primitive, and often of Indian 
mixed blood. They make a living of 
sorts by scanty cultivation, by fishing, 
by hunting, and by basketmaking. 
North of Albany in Rensselaer County 
these people are known as Van Guild- 
ers. In Columbia County live the 
*‘Bushwhackers,”? whose chief family 
names are Hotaling, Simmons, and 
Proper. These are also known as 
*Pondshiners.”” ‘To the west of the 
Hudson, from Newburgh southward, 
are other Bushwhackers. ‘Those east 
of the Hudson are Indian and white, 
those to the west partly Negro. 
Estabrook and Davenport in 1912 
described a group of Indian mixed- 
bloods, under the pseudonym of 
*‘Nams,” who were living in up-State 
New York. ‘They characterized this 
group as alcoholics, ambitionless, and 
defective in both physical and mental 
inheritance. According to tradition 
they were descended from the issue of 
a Dutchman and an Indian “‘princess” 
some time before 1760 in western 
Massachusetts. These people, half 
vagabonds, half fishermen and hun- 
ters, left Massachusetts in 1800 and 
settled in New York State. The 
famous “‘Jukes,” a group first de- 
scribed by Dugdale in the nineteenth 
century, were also an up-State New 
York group of mixed Indian and other 
descent. 
In the Schoharie Valley, not far to 
the west of Albany, there are a number 
of isolated or submerged groups who 
seem to be of Indian mixed-blood de- 
scent. Such are the Slaughters of 
Slaughter Hill, a clan supposedly de- 
scended from a governor of Colonial 
times, the Honies of the southern part 
of Schoharie County, the Clappers of 
413 
Clapper Hollow, and the ‘‘Arabs”’ of 
Summit. The Slaughters spend the 
summertime in berry picking, hunting, 
and fishing. 
Jackson Whites—These people are 
located in an area roughly extending 
from Goshen to Nyack along the New 
Jersey borders in Orange and Rock- 
land Counties. In some parts they 
show a predominance of Indian physi- 
cal characteristics and in others of 
white or a mixture of white and Negro. 
The Indian blood is said to be derived 
from the Tuscarora and Munsee tribes, 
but the traditions and customs of the 
Indian are now difficult to find. A 
Negro Presbyterian church at Hill- 
burn, N. Y., has carried on mission 
work among the Jackson Whites. The 
total number of these people in both 
New York and New Jersey is estimated 
at 5,000. Some of the principal family 
names among them are Cassalony, 
Cisco, De Groat, De Vries, Mann, and 
Van Dunk. Living on the margins of 
society, as they have been forced to do, 
the Jackson Whites have been a some- 
what neglected class of people. 
Some of the Jackson Whites have 
migrated to the industrial areas and 
the cities. Likewise some of the St. 
Regis Mohawks of up-State New York 
have taken up occupations such as 
ironwork and structural stee] erection 
and have migrated to Brooklyn to 
form a colony there. 
In Brooklyn there is an area called 
“the Gowanus District”? which in- 
cludes parts of Nevins Street, Atlantic 
Avenue, Pacific Street, and Schermer- 
horn Street. In this area there is at 
present a settlement of over 500 In- 
dians, representatives of about 17 dif- 
ferent tribes. Primary in importance 
among this group are the Mohawks 
already referred to, steel workers and 
welders from up-State New York. 
8. New Jersey 
In 1930 the census reported 213 In- 
dians in New Jersey, mainly located in 
Essex County (Newark). However, 
there were several groups of mixed- 
bloods not listed as Indians, such as 
GROUPS—GILBERT 
