SURVIVING INDIAN GROUPS—GILBERT 
Chickahominy, Rappahannock, and 
others. Of this total 19.3 percent are 
recorded as full-bloods, 53 percent as 
mixed-bloods; 27.7 percent are re- 
corded as illiterate. 
There are two schools of thought in 
Virginia regarding the mixture of 
blood in the Tidewater Indian tribes. 
One school holds that all, or practical- 
ly all, the members of these tribes are 
mixed in some degree with the Negro. 
This opinion requires that birth cer- 
tificates, marriage licenses, and mili- 
tary draft papers of the Indians take 
note of their classification as Negro 
and obliges public officers to treat 
them accordingly. This school of 
thought has been in the dominant 
position in the State administration. 
The other school, apparently in the 
minority, holds that most of the Tide- 
water Indian groups have little or no 
Negro mixture in their blood and that 
they should be recognized as Indians 
or as Indian-white half-breeds. Evi- 
dently no accurate opinion can be 
rendered on the subject until a scien- 
tific investigation is made by physical 
anthropologists. 
Chickahominy.—This tribe is divided 
into two sections: (1) the Upper Chick- 
ahominy who reside principally in 
Charles City County at White Oak 
Swamp on the Chickahominy River 
near Roxbury, Va., and number about 
357; (2) the Lower Chickahominy who 
live on the lower Chickahominy River 
on the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad 
between Newport News and Rich- 
mond, in the neighborhood of Boule- 
vard, Va. The latter group is about 
55 miles from Newport News and 40 
miles from Richmond. They number 
about 100 persons, and are situated in 
James City County. Both of these 
groups have intermarried with the 
Pamunkey Indians, their near neigh- 
bors to the north. The main Chicka- 
hominy family names are Adkins, 
Bradby, Colman, Holmes, Jefferson, 
Jones, Miles, Stuart, Swett, Thomp- 
son, and Wynne. 
The people of this tribe live by fish- 
ing and hunting in the river swamps 
417 
and by cultivating patches on the 
nearby higher land. They were reor- 
ganized in 1908 as a tribe with a chief 
and other officials but have had no 
specially recognized reservation of long 
standing as have the Pamunkey and 
the Mattapony. 
Pamunkey.—This group resides on a 
State reservation of about 800 acres in 
King William County at a bend of the 
Pamunkey River. They are hardly 
more than 20 miles due east of Rich- 
mond, the State capital. There are 
about 150 Pamunkey on the reserva- 
tion with about 150 more scattered 
elsewhere. ‘They derive a living by 
fishing, bird catching, and by culti- 
vating their fields of corn and beans 
with the help of hired Negro labor. 
This reservation has been in existence 
since 1677. The Pamunkey neither 
vote nor pay taxes but are governed 
by an elected chief and council sub- 
ject to supervision by trustees ap- 
pointed by the State. The main fam- 
ily names current among these people 
are Bradby, Collins, Cook, Dennis, 
Hawkes, Holmes, Langston, Miles, 
Page, Sampson, and Swett. They are 
mostly Baptists. The Indian blood of 
the Pamunkey is variously estimated 
at from one-fifth to three-fourths. 
Mattapony.—The next tribe to the 
north of the Pamunkey is the Matta- 
pony. Like the Chickahominy the 
Mattapony are divided into two 
groups, both in King William County: 
(1) the Lower Mattapony group is 
located on a State reservation of 50 
acres situated on a bend of the Matta- 
pony River not over 10 miles north of 
the Pamunkey; (2) the Upper Matta- 
pony or Adamstown Indians, live 
about 20 miles west of the first group 
and about 38 miles northeast of Rich- 
mond (near Central Garage). 
The Lower Mattapony number 
about 150 persons, the Upper group 
about 170. Both live by lumbering 
and farming. The chief family names 
in the Lower group are Allmond, 
Collins, Costello, Langston, Major, 
Reid, and Tuppin; in the Upper group 
Adams, and Holmes. The Lower 
