422 
Four major geographical groups may 
be distinguished, namely, (1) Ca- 
tawba, on northern border, (2) Croa- 
tans, also on northern border, (3) 
Red Legs and allied groups about the 
capital, and (4) Brass Ankles in coastal 
areas. Altogether these groups may 
total over 10,000 persons. In general 
they are similar to each other in man- 
ner of living and social status. They 
have lost almost everything that would 
distinguish them as Indians except the 
physical inheritance. The latter is of 
course greatly modified by mixture 
with white and Negro blood, yet these 
people are recognized locally as being 
distinct from both whites and Negroes. 
They have their own mixed-blood 
schools (locally classified as white), 
churches, and lodges. 
The chief family names among these 
mixed bloods are Boone, Braveboy, 
Bunch, Chavis, Creek, Driggers, 
Goins, Harmon, Russell, Scott, Swett, 
and Williams. Formerly isolated by 
geographical factors they have, in 
recent years, been increasingly brought 
into contact with the world about 
them. They are hunters, fishers, and 
tenant farmers. 
Catawbas.—The remnants of this 
tribe are located at a small settlement 
on the banks of the Catawba River in 
York County, about 9 miles southeast 
of Rockhill, the county seat. The 
settlement is about 1 square mile in 
area, or 630 acres. The 1930 census 
returned 159 Indians in York County. 
Their blood seems to be mostly a 
mixture of white and Indian. 
Although they are directly under the 
laws of South Carolina they maintain 
a semblance of tribal government, 
electing a chief every 4 years. Condi- 
tions have long been unsatisfactory 
with respect to economic and social 
matters. The State has annually ap- 
propriated a sum of money to support 
the local school, but there are no local 
social agencies to assist the Catawbas. 
These Indians cut and haul wood and 
are employed as day laborers. The 
women often make clay pottery and 
pipes. Federal assistance has been 
ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1948 
given to these Indians in recent 
years. 
16. Georgia 
In most of the counties along the 
northern border of this State are to be 
found many hundreds of people of 
part-Cherokee descent, but these do 
not constitute a distinct social class. 
However, it is reliably reported that 
a small group of about 100 or more 
Cherokees and Creeks are at present 
located in a settlement near Shellbluff 
Landing in Burke County, about 10 
miles south of Augusta and almost on 
the Savannah River. The family 
names are Clark, Woods, Shafer, and 
Deal. Their settlement is sometimes 
known as ‘‘Shaffertowa”’ or “‘Shaffer- 
ville’ after the most common surname 
to be found there. A recent account 
carried by northern newspapers por- 
trayed these Indians as living under 
rather primitive conditions, hunting, 
fishing, and cultivating in the manner 
of their early forefathers. In earlier 
days Yuchi, Shawnee, Apalachee, and 
Chickasaw Indians clustered in the 
vicinity of Augusta where the Savan- 
nah River crossed the fall line. 
17. Florida 
The census recorded 587 Indians in 
Florida in 1930, of which 53.3 percent 
were reported as pure-bloods, 0.4 per- 
cent as mixed, and 46.3 percent as not 
recorded. About 85 percent were re- 
ported as illiterate. The chief group 
is the Seminoles, whom we find scat- 
tered in half a dozen or more counties— 
Collier, Dade, Broward, St. Lucie, 
Glades, Hendry, Monroe, Okeecho- 
bee, and Osceola. This is the Ever- 
glades region from Lake Okeechobee 
southward, which constituted in the 
past century an ideal refuge for Indian 
hunters, living in a state of perpetual 
hostility to the white man. 
The Seminoles speak their own 
language or languages and retain 
many of their aboriginal customs in- 
tact. They are largely self-governing 
and do not mix with other races. 
Legally they are entitled to send a 
