SURVIVING INDIAN 
tional Mission among them. This 
group has resided in the locality since 
about 1800, when it migrated from 
Alabama. 
Miscellaneous Louisiana Indians ——The 
Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb on the 
north shore of Lake Pontchartrain (St. 
Tammany Parish) formerly numbered 
some 50 persons. Small groups of 
Indian blood are also said to exist in 
Orleans (New Orleans) and Jefferson 
Parishes. The ‘Cane River Mulat- 
toes” located on Cane River in Natch- 
itoches Parish in the northwestern part 
of Louisiana may be of part-Indian 
descent as may be also the so-called 
mulattoes of Washington in St. Landry 
Parish, to the south of the Tunica 
country. Finally there are the mixed 
Indians of Calcasieu Parish on the 
Texas border, sometimes referred to as 
‘*Sabines,” who were prominent in the 
border troubles of early days. Any of 
the mixed-blood Indians of this part of 
Louisiana may be referred to as “‘Red 
Bones,” but this use of the term is not 
to be confused with the mixed people 
of the same name in South Carolina. 
The Red Bones probably number over 
3,000 persons scattered about through 
the cut-over pine country of Calcasieu, 
Vernon, Allen, Rapides, and Beaure- 
gard Parishes. ‘They have lived in 
’ this country for well over a hundred 
years, and a century ago they were 
classed as persons of color. Their fam- 
ily names are English (Ashworth, 
Perkins, etc.), and they are mostly 
Baptists. ‘The occupations followed 
are small-scale farming, forest indus- 
tries, or work in towns. Although 
they are now officially ‘“‘white” and 
not segregated in schools, the whites 
proper do not intermarry with them. 
Members of this group are said to re- 
sent intensely the name “‘Red Bone.” 
In general, the Indians of Louisiana, 
like those of Alabama, have lost most 
of their Indian culture and Indian 
speech. In contrast with the Choc- 
taws of Mississippi they are much 
more adapted to the white man’s way 
of life. 
GROUPS—GILBERT 425 
21. Texas 
The 1930 census reported 1,000 In- 
dians in Texas. Of these 29.2 percent 
were reported as pure-blood, 26.2 per- 
cent as mixed-blood, and 44.6 percent 
were not recorded. About 18 percent 
of those 10 years of age and over were 
illiterate. 
In some of the counties around 
Houston there were small groups of 
Indians, according to the census (Fort 
Bend and Harris Counties). A num- 
ber are also recorded for Bexar County 
(San Antonio) and one or two other 
points. 
Alabama and Coushatta Indians —This 
group of over 300 Indians resides in 
Polk County some 80 miles northward 
of Houston, Tex. They are concen- 
trated on an area of 14,321 acres near 
Livingston on Big Sandy Creek. They 
have lived here since 1854 when a 
grant was made by the State of Texas. 
They are farmers but still maintain 
many of the Indian customs, orna- 
ments, and dances. The native speech 
is also retained. The State maintains 
an agent here, and there is a federally 
supervised school. There are two 
Presbyterian churches, a hospital, and 
a cemetery. ‘These Indians elect a 
tribal chief and maintain the old clan 
system. 
22. Arkansas 
Some 408 Indians were recorded for 
this State in 1930 by the census. Of 
these 5.6 percent were reported as 
full-blood, 54.9 percent as mixed, and 
39.5 percent were not recorded. The 
Indians in Arkansas are chiefly in 
counties along the border of Okla- 
homa (Benton, Sebastian, and Wash- 
ing), in the State capital (Pulaski 
County), and in Garland County 
(Hot Springs). 
23. Missourt 
The census of 1930 reported 578 
Indians in Missouri in 1930. Of these, 
6.7 percent were reported as full- 
blood, 35.5 as mixed, and 57.8 as not 
