426 
recorded. Most of these were in the 
counties bordering or nearest to Okla- 
homa (Newton, Jasper), and the 
counties of Jackson (Kansas City), 
and St. Louis (city of St. Louis). 
24. Tennessee 
The Indians of ‘Tennessee numbered 
161 im °1930) ©f these, 0/6 percent 
were full-blood, 26.1 percent mixed- 
blood, and 73.3 percent not recorded. 
These were probably either mixed- 
blood people such as the Melungeons, 
or the purer-blooded Cherokees. ‘The 
Cherokees are very few and are prob- 
ably located exclusively in the eastern 
mountain counties. ‘The census figure 
is thought to be an understatement. 
Melungeons.—This interesting minor- 
ity comprises several thousand persons 
who were originally centered in Haw- 
kins County (now Hancock County) 
on Newman’s Ridge in the extreme 
northeast of the State. They have 
also been reported from various other 
counties in the Appalachian Great 
Valley area, especially Rhea and 
Hamilton Counties, and also in the 
Nashville area. The chief family 
names in ‘Tennessee are Collins, 
Fields, Freeman, Gann, Gibson, Goins, 
Gorvens, Graham, Lawson, Maloney, 
Mullins or Melons, Noel, Piniore, 
Sexton, and Wright. 
Originally ridge cultivators, they 
have had to resort to additional 
means of living in recent times, includ- 
ing basketmaking, cooperage, chair- 
making, and charcoal burning. Their 
manner of life is emphatically out- 
of-doors in character. Their physical 
type shows the usual range of mixed- 
blood between lighter and darker 
types. Indian, white, and especially 
Portuguese blood are said to be prom- 
inent. 
Socially they have been recognized 
as white in the courts and now attend 
white schools. Illiteracy is widespread 
however. They have no_ separate 
organizations except churches, and 
they are gradually merging with the 
remainder of the population. 
ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1948 
25. Kentucky 
Some 234 Indians were recorded for 
Kentucky in 1910. Later census fig- 
ures do not enumerate as many. Most 
of the Indians enumerated were in 
Magoffin and Floyd Counties in the 
eastern part of the State. 
In southern Kentucky on the Ten- 
nessee border (in Cumberland and 
Monroe Counties) is the Coe Clan, 
a mixed group of part-Indian descent. 
These people live on Pea Ridge along 
the Cumberland River in an area 
bounded partly by that river on the 
south and west, by Kettle Creek on 
the east, and Gudio Creek on the 
north. 
26. Ohio 
There were 435 Indians in Ohio in 
1930, 6 percent pure-blood, 20.9 per- 
cent mixed, and 73.1 percent not re- 
corded, according to the census. ‘These 
returns show their presence mainly in 
the cities of the State, as in Cleveland 
(Cuyahoga County),Columbus (Frank- 
lin County), Cincinnati (Hamilton 
County), ‘Toledo (Lucas County), and 
Akron (Summit County). There were 
also a few Indians in rural Hardin 
County who may represent a survival 
from early times (a few refugees), in 
the Scioto marshes, and the settlement 
at Carmel. 
There are a number of mixed-blood 
groups of part-Indian descent in Ohio 
who are not recorded in the census. 
The most notable of those is the Darke 
County mixed-blood group located 
near Tampico on the Indiana border 
about 40 miles northeast of Dayton, 
Ohio. This settlement dates back to 
the early nineteenth century, and 
members of the group still hold them- 
selves apart from both Negroes and 
whites. At present they are said to 
number about 60 families, and they 
have their own schools and churches 
(Methodist). 
Near the village of Carmel, Ohio, 
about 65 miles east of Cincinnati, 
there is a small group of mixed-blood 
