SURVIVING INDIAN 
Indians. They dated back to 1858, 
when a white man moved here from 
Virginia with a dozen Negro retainers 
about the time of the Civil War. The 
latter mixed with other people who 
had arrived not long before from Mag- 
offin County in eastern Kentucky and 
who were reputedly of Indian descent. 
The present-day Carmel Indians live 
in shacks on the farmers’ lands, where 
they provide occasional labor and sub- 
sist by hunting, sale of ginseng and 
yellow root, and by their scant stock 
of chickens and pigs. A few own small 
plots but the rest have been said to be 
on relief recently. Many migrated 
from the area during World War II, 
but about 50 still remain in the neigh- 
borhood. The family names are 
Nichols, Gibson, and Perkins. 
27. Indiana 
Although the census of 1930 enum- 
erates only 285 Indians in Indiana in 
1930 the number of Miami Indians in 
the State have been variously esti- 
mated in recent years as from 500 to 
1,000. ‘These Indians chiefly center 
in Miami County, 50 or 60 miles di- 
rectly north of Indianapolis, but they 
also occur in some numbers in Wabash 
County east of Miami, and in Marion 
County (Indianapolis). Several con- 
gressional hearings have been held in 
recent years on the matter of land 
claims by these Indiana Indians. The 
1930 census returns 7 percent as pure- 
blood, 28.8 percent as mixed-blood, 
and 64.2 percent as not recorded. 
28. Illinois 
The 1930 census reported 469 Indi- 
ans in Illinois. These were chiefly in 
Cook County (Chicago), Alexander 
County (Cairo), and in Peoria County 
(Peoria). No data are available on the 
condition of these Indians. The pro- 
portions of mixed- and pure-bloods re- 
ported in 1930 are about the same as 
those for Indiana. 
There are also reported to be a num- 
ber of Creek Indians from the south 
427 
along the route of the Illinois Central 
Railroad. In southern Illinois, not far 
from Centralia, a mixed-blood group 
of such Indians is said to exist. 
GROUPS—GILBERT 
Condition in General 
The names by which the groups of 
surviving Indians in the eastern United 
States are known are of several origins. 
In the first place we have the survival 
of older tribal names such as Seneca, 
Cherokee, Nanticoke, and so on. In 
several instances it seems that the old 
tribal name was practically forgotten 
until anthropological investigators re- 
instilled an interest in the original 
name. About one-half of the surviv- 
ing eastern groups of Indians are still 
known by historic tribal designations. 
The remainder of the groups are 
known by names derived from places, 
color terms, nationality or race terms, 
family names, ancestors, or from tradi- 
tional origins or manner of living. 
Places figure prominently in several 
instances. In South Carolina we hear 
of the Summerville Indians, in Louisi- 
ana of the Sabines (from the Sabine 
River), and in West Virginia of the 
G. and B. Indians (after the Grafton 
and Belington Railroad). The 
Guineas of West Virginia are supposed 
to derive their name from the district 
called Guinea on the Tygart River. 
Reservation or place names, with the 
word “Indian” attached, may serve 
as handy designations as in “Carmel 
Indians” (Indians of Carmel, Ohio) 
or ‘‘Cornplanter Indians” (Indians of 
Cornplanter Reservation, Pa.). 
The use of color terms is rather in- 
frequent except where mulatto blood 
is suspected. In Virginia we hear of 
the “Brown People” in Rockbridge 
County; in Chesterfield County, S. C., 
of the Marlboro Blues; and in several 
places of Red Bones and Yellow 
People. The term ‘Brass Ankle’’ is 
thought by some to refer to a toasted 
brown color (Spanish abrasado). 
Nationality or race terms are more 
frequent than color terms, and we hear 
