428 
of “Greeks,” ““Turks,” and ‘‘Cubans,” 
in the Carolinas, of ‘‘Moors”’ in Dela- 
ware and New Jersey, and “Arabs” 
in New York. More confusing still is 
the use of the term ‘‘Cajan”’ to refer to 
a mixed-blood group in Alabama. 
Brewton Berry has proposed that the 
term ‘‘Mestizo” be adopted from 
Spanish-American terminology in re- 
ferring to all mixed-blood groups with 
an Indian element. 
Family names characteristic of small 
groups of mixed-blood descent may be 
used to designate the groups them- 
selves. Thus we have the Laster 
Tribe, the Coe Clan, the Pools, the 
Slaughters, the Van Guilders, the 
Goins, and the Maleys. The last 
term mentioned is used for the 
Guineas of West Virginia owing to 
the frequency of that surname. Of a 
similar sort are the names from an- 
cestors such as the Cornplanter Seneca. 
The traditional origin or the cur- 
rent manner of life is prominent in 
such names as Croatans, Issues, Jack- 
son Whites, Wesorts, Bushwhackers, 
Pondshiners, Pineys, Melungeons, and 
Clay-eaters. In some instances writers 
have used pseudonyms for groups such 
as the Win Tribe (Issues of Amherst 
County, Va.), the Nams, Jukes, and 
others. 
Mixed-blood groups which have lost 
most of the Indian cultural heritage 
yet coniinue a caste-like habit of in- 
breeding, are characterized by certain 
fixed sets of family names. Most of 
the groups average anywhere from 10 
to 14 characteristic family names. 
Curiously enough a number of these 
families are found in more than one 
group and this would point to a 
possibility of some degree of inter- 
marriage between them at various 
times in the past. The Croatans, for 
example, share names with the Cubans, 
Issues, Melungeons, Brass Ankles, 
Cajans, and Nanticokes. Not only do 
such nearby groups as the Nanticokes 
and Moors share names but we find 
such sharing by groups rather remote 
from each other, as for example, the 
ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1948 
Cajans and Moors, Brass Ankles and 
Nanticokes, or Melungeons and Brass 
Ankles. On the other hand, the 
Jackson Whites and the New England 
mixed groups show little if any evi- 
dence of sharing family names with 
the other groups. 
The size of most of the eastern groups 
of Indian mixed peoples is not accu- 
rately known. Since membership in 
these groups may be somewhat elastic, 
estimates are bound to be rather arbi- 
trary. In general it may be said that 
the number of specific groups range 
from a hundred individuals up to 
several thousands. In fact this com- 
pares very well with the western tribes 
of Indians as may be seen from the 
fact that in 1930 the average Indian 
tribe ranged between 1,000 and 2,500 
in size. Out of 90 western tribes 43 
were less than 700 in number, 40 were 
between 700 and 7,000, and 7 were 
from 7,000 to 45,000. The Croatans 
may be compared with the Navajos, in 
terms of numbers and relative size to 
the rest of their neighbors. Both are 
the largest groups of their respective 
areas. 
In contrast with the western Indians 
the eastern groups do not have any 
major settlements of their own. Al- 
most all the concentrations of eastern 
Indians are in close connection with 
white or Negro centers of population. 
In many instances the Indian popula- 
tions are widely scattered in remote 
and inaccessible areas in both East 
and West. In tracing the location 
of the eastern Indians it is often 
necessary to relate their populations 
to minor civil divisions of the county 
such as townships and election dis- 
tricts. The eastern Indians are well 
on the way to becoming a caste rather 
than localized territorial groups, and 
hence their distribution follows that 
of the population in general. Migra- 
tory habits are confined to the neces- 
sity of seeking economic subsistence in 
cities or manufacturing areas. 
The more isolated and primitive 
mode of life is pursued by certain 
