No. 8 SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, I913 49 
The results of the expedition will prove of unusual value to an- 
thropology. While some of the links in the chain of evidence are 
still missing, it can now be said with certainty that the Peruvian 
coast from Chiclayo, in the north, to Yauca, in the south—a distance 
of over 600 miles—was peopled predominantly before the advent of 
the whites by one and the same physical type of Indian. These 
Indians were of medium height, with short and broad skulls, and 
Fic. 49.--The ruins of the Incaic Temple of the Sun, at Pachacamac, Peru. 
Photograph by Hrdlicka. 
moderately to strongly developed muscles according to the locality. 
The most important fact ascertained in this connection was that both 
the Chimu and Nascas, two of the foremost cultural groups of ancient 
Peru, were identical and, as regards physical characteristics, insepar- 
able parts of this coast people. 
According to their location, the people of old Peru were either 
fishermen or farmers. They seem to have been organized into numer- 
ous political groups, which developed smaller or greater cultural dif- 
ferences according to environment and other influences. 
