52 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 63 
head probably by means of pads and bandages, which process flat- 
tened the back of the head as well. They did not practice filing, cut- 
ting, or chipping the teeth, or other mutilations which would leave 
marks on the skeletons. 
These natives seem to have been free from general bodily ailments 
before the advent of the white men; on the other hand they suffered 
from several peculiar local diseases affecting the hip-bone, the head, 
and the ear. 
Fig. 53.—A party of vandals in an old cemetery on the railroad from Ancon 
to Huacho, Peru. Photograph by Hrdlicka. 
The people of the mountains possessed a good average develop- 
ment of the body and of the skull, and were even freer than the coast 
people from disease. Wounds were, however, common, and in some 
of the districts serious wounds of the head were frequently followed 
by the operation known as trepaning, and although this was often 
crudely done, it was successful in many cases. This practice was prob- 
ably carried on even after the coming of the Spaniards. 
The results of the expedition failed to strengthen the theories of 
any great antiquity of man in Peru, tending rather to prove the con- 
