No. 8 SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, I913 77 
still represent the undermost world, the coming out still symbolizing 
the emergence from the undermost world, and the kiva the undermost 
world itself. The kiva is a prominent feature of the archeological 
remains of the Southwest, there is seldom a mesa, cliff, or cavate ruin 
where these ceremonial chambers are not to be found. They are the 
substantial evidence of the worship of the cliff dwellers. The under- 
ground structures have undergone changes since the oppression of the 
invading Spaniard. In the Tewa village of San Ildefonso, for ex- 
ample, the under-ground circular kiva was abandoned after the first 
departure of the Spanish invaders ; in fact, there is not a pre-Spanish 
building in the village. The ruins of the old village are barely distin- 
Fic. 74——Zuni personators of the rain gods. 
Photograph by Mrs. Stevenson. 
guishable in the fields, while the present village stands a short dis- 
tance to the north. The first kiva constructed by these people after 
the coming of the Spaniards was round and built principally above 
ground, but before another kiva was constructed the people decided 
to build these chambers in rectangular form and in line with their 
dwellings, so that they would not be distinguished by the Spanish 
enemy. Many other pueblos adopted the plan of the rectangular kiva 
situated among the dwelling houses. 
The Tewa are divided into the Sun and Ice peoples, therefore there 
are two kivas, one for each people. Every male child must be in1- 
tiated into one of the kivas in order to be eligible to dance with the 
gods after death in the undermost world. The female child 1s passed 
6 
