NO. 3 SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, IQI5 65 
of a very primitive structure, the roof of which had consisted, ap- 
parently, of logs that rested upon the ground and leaned against 
crosspieces supported by four vertical posts surrounding the fireplace. 
The adjacent timbers composing the roof had in turn supported 
layers, respectively, of willows, grass, and clay. This structure had 
been circular in form and was probably not more than 15 or 16 
feet in diameter. 
Dwellings of the same type were discovered near Beaver City, 
in Beaver County, in close proximity to larger structures whose walls 
were made of adobe and whose flat roofs had consisted of heavy 
Fic. 80.—Walls and fireplace of a large adobe structure at Beaver City, Utah. 
beams covered with willows, grass, and clay in succession. The 
artifacts recovered from these two types of dwellings differ but 
little and indicate a close relationship, both in time and in culture, 
between their respective builders. 
One large mound at Beaver City, which was completely excavated, 
contained 15 rectangular rooms and a circular structure which has 
been identified as a kiva or ceremonial chamber similar to those 
associated with prehistoric habitations throughout the San Juan 
drainage. Of the 15 rectangular rooms, only four were contiguous ; 
the walls of all had been constructed of adobe mud, pressed into 
place while in a plastic condition. No indication of the use of 
adobe bricks or of large adobe blocks could be found. In the 
northern portion of the mound four distinct levels of occupancy 
5 
